SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Brain–computer interface</title>

</head>

Brain–computer interface

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For direct brain control of prosthetic devices, see <a href="Neuroprosthetics" title="Neuroprosthetics">Neuroprosthetics</a>.</div>

A brain–computer interface (BCI), sometimes called a brain–machine interface (BMI), is a direct communication link between the <a href="Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>'s electrical activity and an external device, most commonly a computer or robotic limb. BCIs are often directed at researching, <a href="Brain_mapping" title="Brain mapping">mapping</a>, assisting, <a href="Augmented_cognition" title="Augmented cognition">augmenting</a>, or repairing human <a href="Cognitive_skill" title="Cognitive skill">cognitive</a> or <a href="Sensory-motor_coupling" title="Sensory-motor coupling">sensory-motor functions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Krucoff_584-1">[1]</a> They are often conceptualized as a <a href="Human%E2%80%93machine_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Human–machine interface">human–machine interface</a> that skips the intermediary of moving body parts (e.g. hands or feet). BCI implementations range from non-invasive (<a href="EEG" class="mw-redirect" title="EEG">EEG</a>, <a href="Magnetoencephalography" title="Magnetoencephalography">MEG</a>, <a href="MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI">MRI</a>) and partially invasive (<a href="ECoG" class="mw-redirect" title="ECoG">ECoG</a> and endovascular) to invasive (<a href="Microelectrode_array" title="Microelectrode array">microelectrode array</a>), based on how physically close electrodes are to brain tissue.<a href="#cite_note-:7-2">[2]</a>

Research on BCIs began in the 1970s by Jacques Vidal at the <a href="University_of_California%2C_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a> (UCLA) under a grant from the <a href="National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>, followed by a contract from the <a href="DARPA" title="DARPA">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</a> (DARPA).<a href="#cite_note-Vidal1-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vidal2-4">[4]</a> Vidal's 1973 paper introduced the expression brain–computer interface into scientific literature.

Due to the <a href="Cortical_plasticity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cortical plasticity">cortical plasticity</a> of the brain, signals from implanted <a href="Prostheses" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostheses">prostheses</a> can, after adaptation, be handled by the brain like natural sensor or effector channels.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Following years of animal experimentation, the first <a href="Neuroprosthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroprosthetic">neuroprosthetic</a> devices were implanted in humans in the mid-1990s.

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

The history of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) starts with <a href="Hans_Berger" title="Hans Berger">Hans Berger</a>'s discovery of the brain's electrical activity and the development of <a href="Electroencephalography" title="Electroencephalography">electroencephalography</a> (EEG). In 1924 Berger was the first to record human brain activity utilizing EEG. Berger was able to identify <a href="Neural_oscillation" title="Neural oscillation">oscillatory activity</a>, such as the <a href="Alpha_wave" title="Alpha wave">alpha wave</a> (8–13 Hz), by analyzing EEG traces.

Berger's first recording device was rudimentary. He inserted <a href="Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> wires under the scalps of his patients. These were later replaced by silver foils attached to the patient's head by rubber bandages. Berger connected these sensors to a <a href="Lippmann_electrometer" title="Lippmann electrometer">Lippmann capillary electrometer</a>, with disappointing results. However, more sophisticated measuring devices, such as the <a href="Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a> double-coil recording <a href="Galvanometer" title="Galvanometer">galvanometer</a>, which displayed <a href="Voltages" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltages">voltages</a> as small as 10−4 volt, led to success.

Berger analyzed the interrelation of alternations in his EEG wave diagrams with <a href="Brain_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain diseases">brain diseases</a>. EEGs permitted completely new possibilities for brain research.

Although the term had not yet been coined, one of the earliest examples of a working brain-machine interface was the piece Music for Solo Performer (1965) by American composer <a href="Alvin_Lucier" title="Alvin Lucier">Alvin Lucier</a>. The piece makes use of EEG and <a href="Analog_signal_processing" title="Analog signal processing">analog signal processing</a> hardware (filters, amplifiers, and a mixing board) to stimulate acoustic percussion instruments. Performing the piece requires producing <a href="Alpha_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha waves">alpha waves</a> and thereby "playing" the various instruments via loudspeakers that are placed near or directly on the instruments.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>

Jacques Vidal coined the term "BCI" and produced the first peer-reviewed publications on this topic.<a href="#cite_note-Vidal1-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vidal2-4">[4]</a> He is widely recognized as the inventor of BCIs.<a href="#cite_note-Wolpaw,_J.R_2012-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> A review pointed out that Vidal's 1973 paper stated the "BCI challenge"<a href="#cite_note-Bozinovski1-10">[10]</a> of controlling external objects using EEG signals, and especially use of <a href="Contingent_negative_variation" title="Contingent negative variation">Contingent Negative Variation (CNV)</a> potential as a challenge for BCI control. Vidal's 1977 experiment was the first application of BCI after his 1973 BCI challenge. It was a noninvasive EEG (actually <a href="Evoked_potential" title="Evoked potential">Visual Evoked Potentials</a> (VEP)) control of a cursor-like graphical object on a computer screen. The demonstration was movement in a maze.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>

1988 was the first demonstration of noninvasive EEG control of a physical object, a robot. The experiment demonstrated EEG control of multiple start-stop-restart cycles of movement, along an arbitrary trajectory defined by a line drawn on a floor. The line-following behavior was the default robot behavior, utilizing autonomous intelligence and an autonomous energy source.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>

In 1990, a report was given on a closed loop, bidirectional, adaptive BCI controlling a computer buzzer by an anticipatory brain potential, the Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) potential.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The experiment described how an expectation state of the brain, manifested by CNV, used a feedback loop to control the S2 buzzer in the S1-S2-CNV paradigm. The resulting cognitive wave representing the expectation learning in the brain was termed Electroexpectogram (EXG). The CNV brain potential was part of Vidal's 1973 challenge.

Studies in the 2010s suggested neural stimulation's potential to restore functional connectivity and associated behaviors through modulation of molecular mechanisms.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> This opened the door for the concept that BCI technologies may be able to restore function.

Beginning in 2013, <a href="DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a> funded BCI technology through the BRAIN initiative, which supported work out of teams including <a href="University_of_Pittsburgh_Medical_Center" title="University of Pittsburgh Medical Center">University of Pittsburgh Medical Center</a>,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Paradromics,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Brown,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> and Synchron.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neuroprosthetics">Neuroprosthetics</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Neuroprosthetics" title="Neuroprosthetics">Neuroprosthetics</a></div>

Neuroprosthetics is an area of <a href="Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a> concerned with neural prostheses, that is, using artificial devices to replace the function of impaired nervous systems and brain-related problems, or of sensory or other organs (bladder, diaphragm, etc.). As of December 2010, <a href="Cochlear_implants" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochlear implants">cochlear implants</a> had been implanted as neuroprosthetic devices in some 736,900 people worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Other neuroprosthetic devices aim to restore vision, including <a href="Retinal_implant" title="Retinal implant">retinal implants</a>. The first neuroprosthetic device, however, was the <a href="Pacemaker" title="Pacemaker">pacemaker</a>.

The terms are sometimes used interchangeably. Neuroprosthetics and BCIs seek to achieve the same aims, such as restoring sight, hearing, movement, ability to communicate, and even <a href="Cognitive_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive function">cognitive function</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Krucoff_584-1">[1]</a> Both use similar experimental methods and surgical techniques.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Animal_research">Animal research</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Remote_control_animal" title="Remote control animal">Remote control animal</a></div>

Several laboratories have managed to read signals from monkey and rat <a href="Cerebral_cortices" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebral cortices">cerebral cortices</a> to operate BCIs to produce movement. Monkeys have moved <a href="Cursor_(computers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cursor (computers)">computer cursors</a> and commanded robotic arms to perform simple tasks simply by thinking about the task and seeing the results, without motor output.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In May 2008 photographs that showed a monkey at the <a href="University_of_Pittsburgh_Medical_Center" title="University of Pittsburgh Medical Center">University of Pittsburgh Medical Center</a> operating a robotic arm by thinking were published in multiple studies.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Sheep have also been used to evaluate BCI technology including Synchron's Stentrode.

In 2020, <a href="Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>'s <a href="Neuralink" title="Neuralink">Neuralink</a> was successfully implanted in a pig.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In 2021, Musk announced that the company had successfully enabled a monkey to play video games using Neuralink's device.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_work">Early work</h3></div>

In 1969 <a href="Operant_conditioning" title="Operant conditioning">operant conditioning</a> studies by Fetz et al. at the Regional Primate Research Center and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, <a href="University_of_Washington_School_of_Medicine" title="University of Washington School of Medicine">University of Washington School of Medicine</a> showed that monkeys could learn to control the deflection of a <a href="Biofeedback" title="Biofeedback">biofeedback</a> arm with neural activity.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Similar work in the 1970s established that monkeys could learn to control the firing rates of individual and multiple neurons in the primary <a href="Motor_cortex" title="Motor cortex">motor cortex</a> if they were rewarded accordingly.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a>

<a href="Algorithms" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithms">Algorithms</a> to reconstruct movements from <a href="Motor_cortex" title="Motor cortex">motor cortex</a> <a href="Neurons" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurons">neurons</a>, which control movement, date back to the 1970s. In the 1980s, Georgopoulos at <a href="Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> found a mathematical relationship between the electrical responses of single motor cortex neurons in <a href="Rhesus_macaque" title="Rhesus macaque">rhesus macaque monkeys</a> and the direction in which they moved their arms. He also found that dispersed groups of neurons, in different areas of the monkey's brains, collectively controlled motor commands. He was able to record the firings of neurons in only one area at a time, due to equipment limitations.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a>

Several groups have been able to capture complex brain motor cortex signals by recording from <a href="Neural_ensemble" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural ensemble">neural ensembles</a> (groups of neurons) and using these to control external devices.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research">Research</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kennedy_and_Yang_Dan">Kennedy and Yang Dan</h4></div>

Phillip Kennedy (Neural Signals founder (1987) and colleagues built the first intracortical brain–computer interface by implanting neurotrophic-cone <a href="Electrodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrodes">electrodes</a> into monkeys.In 1999, <a href="Yang_Dan_(neuroscientist)" title="Yang Dan (neuroscientist)">Yang Dan</a> et al. at <a href="University_of_California%2C_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> decoded neuronal firings to reproduce images from cats. The team used an array of electrodes embedded in the <a href="Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a> (which integrates the brain's sensory input). Researchers targeted 177 brain cells in the thalamus <a href="Lateral_geniculate_nucleus" title="Lateral geniculate nucleus">lateral geniculate nucleus</a> area, which decodes signals from the <a href="Retina" title="Retina">retina</a>. Neuron firings were recorded from watching eight short movies. Using mathematical filters, the researchers decoded the signals to reconstruct recognizable scenes and moving objects.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nicolelis">Nicolelis</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Walk_Again_Project" title="Walk Again Project">Walk Again Project</a></div>

<a href="Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> professor <a href="Miguel_Nicolelis" title="Miguel Nicolelis">Miguel Nicolelis</a> advocates using multiple electrodes spread over a greater area of the brain to obtain neuronal signals.

After initial studies in rats during the 1990s, Nicolelis and colleagues developed BCIs that decoded brain activity in <a href="Owl_monkeys" class="mw-redirect" title="Owl monkeys">owl monkeys</a> and used the devices to reproduce monkey movements in robotic arms. Monkeys' advanced reaching and grasping abilities and hand manipulation skills, made them good test subjects.

By 2000, the group succeeded in building a BCI that reproduced owl monkey movements while the monkey operated a <a href="Joystick" title="Joystick">joystick</a> or reached for food.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The BCI operated in real time and could remotely control a separate robot. But the monkeys received no feedback (<a href="Open-loop_controller" title="Open-loop controller">open-loop</a> BCI).

Later experiments on <a href="Rhesus_monkeys" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhesus monkeys">rhesus monkeys</a> included <a href="Feedback" title="Feedback">feedback</a> and reproduced monkey reaching and grasping movements in a robot arm. Their deeply cleft and furrowed brains made them better models for human <a href="Neurophysiology" title="Neurophysiology">neurophysiology</a> than owl monkeys. The monkeys were trained to reach and grasp objects on a computer screen by manipulating a joystick while corresponding movements by a robot arm were hidden.<a href="#cite_note-carmena2003-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-lebedev2005-35">[35]</a> The monkeys were later shown the robot and learned to control it by viewing its movements. The BCI used velocity predictions to control reaching movements and simultaneously predicted <a href="Grip_strength" title="Grip strength">gripping force</a>.

In 2011 O'Doherty and colleagues showed a BCI with sensory feedback with rhesus monkeys. The monkey controlled the position of an avatar arm while receiving sensory feedback through direct <a href="Cortical_stimulation_mapping" title="Cortical stimulation mapping">intracortical stimulation (ICMS)</a> in the arm representation area of the <a href="Sensory_cortex" title="Sensory cortex">sensory cortex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Odoherty2003-36">[36]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Donoghue,_Schwartz,_and_Andersen">Donoghue, Schwartz, and Andersen</h4></div>

Other laboratories that have developed BCIs and algorithms that decode neuron signals include <a href="John_Donoghue_(neuroscientist)" title="John Donoghue (neuroscientist)">John Donoghue</a> at the <a href="Carney_Institute_for_Brain_Science" title="Carney Institute for Brain Science">Carney Institute for Brain Science</a> at <a href="Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>, Andrew Schwartz at the <a href="University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a>, and <a href="Richard_A._Andersen_(neuroscientist)" title="Richard A. Andersen (neuroscientist)">Richard Andersen</a> at <a href="Caltech" class="mw-redirect" title="Caltech">Caltech</a>. These researchers produced working BCIs using recorded signals from far fewer neurons than Nicolelis (15–30 neurons versus 50–200 neurons).

The Carney Institute reported training rhesus monkeys to use a BCI to track visual targets on a computer screen (closed-loop BCI) with or without a joystick.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The group created a BCI for three-dimensional tracking in virtual reality and reproduced BCI control in a robotic arm.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The same group demonstrated that a monkey could feed itself pieces of fruit and marshmallows using a robotic arm controlled by the animal's brain signals.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>

Andersen's group used recordings of <a href="Premovement_neuronal_activity" title="Premovement neuronal activity">premovement activity</a> from the <a href="Posterior_parietal_cortex" title="Posterior parietal cortex">posterior parietal cortex</a>, including signals created when experimental animals anticipated receiving a reward.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_research">Other research</h4></div>

In addition to predicting <a href="Kinematic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinematic">kinematic</a> and <a href="Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic</a> parameters of limb movements, BCIs that predict <a href="Electromyographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromyographic">electromyographic</a> or electrical activity of the muscles of primates are in process.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Such BCIs could restore mobility in paralyzed limbs by electrically stimulating muscles.

Nicolelis and colleagues demonstrated that large neural ensembles can predict arm position. This work allowed BCIs to read arm movement intentions and translate them into actuator movements. Carmena and colleagues<a href="#cite_note-carmena2003-34">[34]</a> programmed a BCI that allowed a monkey to control reaching and grasping movements by a robotic arm. Lebedev and colleagues argued that brain networks reorganize to create a new representation of the robotic appendage in addition to the representation of the animal's own limbs.<a href="#cite_note-lebedev2005-35">[35]</a>

In 2019, researchers from the University of San Francisco, California, initiated a brain-computer interface (BCI) study that had the potential to aid patients with speech impairment resulting from neurological disorders. Their BCI utilized high-density <a href="Electrocorticography" title="Electrocorticography">electrocorticography</a> to capture neural activity from a patient's brain and employed <a href="Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">deep learning</a> to synthesize speech. <a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In 2021, those researchers reported the potential of a BCI to decode words and sentences in an <a href="Anarthric" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarthric">anarthric</a> patient who had been unable to speak for over 15 years.<a href="#cite_note-Neuroprosthesis_for_Decoding_Speech2-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a>

The biggest impediment to BCI technology is the lack of a sensor modality that provides safe, accurate and robust access to brain signals. The use of a better sensor expands the range of communication functions that can be provided using a BCI.

Development and implementation of a BCI system is complex and time-consuming. In response to this problem, Gerwin Schalk has been developing <a href="BCI2000" title="BCI2000">BCI2000</a>, a general-purpose system for BCI research, since 2000.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a>

A new 'wireless' approach uses <a href="Light-gated_ion_channel" title="Light-gated ion channel">light-gated ion channels</a> such as <a href="Channelrhodopsin" title="Channelrhodopsin">channelrhodopsin</a> to control the activity of genetically defined subsets of neurons <a href="In_vivo" title="In vivo">in vivo</a>. In the context of a simple learning task, illumination of <a href="Transfected" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfected">transfected</a> cells in the <a href="Somatosensory_system" title="Somatosensory system">somatosensory cortex</a> influenced decision-making in mice.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a>

BCIs led to a deeper understanding of neural networks and the <a href="Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>. Research has reported that despite neuroscientists' inclination to believe that neurons have the most effect when working together, single neurons can be conditioned through the use of BCIs to fire in a pattern that allows primates to control motor outputs. BCIs led to development of the single neuron insufficiency principle that states that even with a well-tuned firing rate, single neurons can only carry limited information and therefore the highest level of accuracy is achieved by recording ensemble firings. Other principles discovered with BCIs include the neuronal multitasking principle, the neuronal mass principle, the neural degeneracy principle, and the plasticity principle.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a>

BCIs are proposed to be applied by users without disabilities. Passive BCIs allow for assessing and interpreting changes in the user state during <a href="Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a> (HCI). In a secondary, implicit control loop, the system adapts to its user, improving its <a href="Usability" title="Usability">usability</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-51">[51]</a>

BCI systems can potentially be used to encode signals from the periphery. These sensory BCI devices enable real-time, behaviorally-relevant decisions based upon closed-loop neural stimulation.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_research">Human research</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasive_BCIs">Invasive BCIs</h3></div>

Invasive BCI requires surgery to implant electrodes under the scalp for accessing brain signals. The main advantage is to increase accuracy. Downsides include side effects from the surgery, including scar tissue that can obstruct brain signals, or the body potentially rejecting the implanted electrodes.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vision">Vision</h4></div>

Invasive BCI research has targeted repairing damaged sight and providing new functionality for people with paralysis. Invasive BCIs are implanted directly into the <a href="Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">grey matter</a> of the brain during neurosurgery. Because they lie in the grey matter, invasive devices produce the highest quality signals of BCI devices but are prone to <a href="Scar" title="Scar">scar-tissue</a> build-up, causing the signal to weaken, or disappear, as the body reacts to the foreign object.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a>

In <a href="Vision_science" title="Vision science">vision science</a>, direct <a href="Brain_implant" title="Brain implant">brain implants</a> have been used to treat non-<a href="Congenital" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital">congenital</a> (acquired) blindness. One of the first scientists to produce a working brain interface to restore sight was private researcher <a href="William_Dobelle" class="mw-redirect" title="William Dobelle">William Dobelle</a>. Dobelle's first prototype was implanted into "Jerry", a man blinded in adulthood, in 1978. A single-array BCI containing 68 electrodes was implanted onto Jerry's <a href="Visual_cortex" title="Visual cortex">visual cortex</a> and succeeded in producing <a href="Phosphenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphenes">phosphenes</a>, the sensation of seeing light. The system included cameras mounted on glasses to send signals to the implant. Initially, the implant allowed Jerry to see shades of grey in a limited field of vision at a low frame-rate. This also required him to be hooked up to a <a href="Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computer</a>, but shrinking electronics and faster computers made his artificial eye more portable and now enable him to perform simple tasks unassisted.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a>

In 2002, Jens Naumann, also blinded in adulthood, became the first in a series of 16 paying patients to receive Dobelle's second generation implant, one of the earliest commercial uses of BCIs. The second generation device used a more sophisticated implant enabling better mapping of phosphenes into coherent vision. Phosphenes are spread out across the visual field in what researchers call "the starry-night effect". Immediately after his implant, Jens was able to use his imperfectly restored vision to <a href="Driving" title="Driving">drive</a> an automobile slowly around the parking area of the research institute.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Dobelle died in 2004 before his processes and developments were documented, leaving no one to continue his work.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Subsequently, Naumann and the other patients in the program began having problems with their vision, and eventually lost their "sight" again.<a href="#cite_note-Naumann,_2012-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Movement">Movement</h4></div>

BCIs focusing on motor neuroprosthetics aim to restore movement in individuals with paralysis or provide devices to assist them, such as interfaces with computers or robot arms.

Kennedy and Bakay were first to install a human brain implant that produced signals of high enough quality to simulate movement. Their patient, Johnny Ray (1944–2002), developed '<a href="Locked-in_syndrome" title="Locked-in syndrome">locked-in syndrome</a>' after a brain-stem <a href="Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> in 1997. Ray's implant was installed in 1998 and he lived long enough to start working with the implant, eventually learning to control a computer cursor; he died in 2002 of a <a href="Brain_aneurysm" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain aneurysm">brain aneurysm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a>

<a href="Tetraplegic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetraplegic">Tetraplegic</a> <a href="Matt_Nagle" title="Matt Nagle">Matt Nagle</a> became the first person to control an artificial hand using a BCI in 2005 as part of the first nine-month human trial of <a href="Cyberkinetics" title="Cyberkinetics">Cyberkinetics</a>'s <a href="BrainGate" title="BrainGate">BrainGate</a> chip-implant. Implanted in Nagle's right <a href="Precentral_gyrus" title="Precentral gyrus">precentral gyrus</a> (area of the motor cortex for arm movement), the 96-electrode implant allowed Nagle to control a robotic arm by thinking about moving his hand as well as a computer cursor, lights and TV.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> One year later, Jonathan Wolpaw received the <a href="Altran_Foundation_for_Innovation" title="Altran Foundation for Innovation">Altran Foundation for Innovation</a> prize for developing a Brain Computer Interface with electrodes located on the surface of the skull, instead of directly in the brain.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a>

Research teams led by the BrainGate group and another at <a href="University_of_Pittsburgh_Medical_Center" title="University of Pittsburgh Medical Center">University of Pittsburgh Medical Center</a>, both in collaborations with the <a href="United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs">United States Department of Veterans Affairs</a> (VA), demonstrated control of prosthetic limbs with many degrees of freedom using direct connections to arrays of neurons in the motor cortex of tetraplegia patients.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Communication">Communication</h4></div>

In May 2021, a Stanford University team reported a successful proof-of-concept test that enabled a quadraplegic participant to produce English sentences at about 86 characters per minute and 18 words per minute. The participant imagined moving his hand to write letters, and the system performed handwriting recognition on electrical signals detected in the motor cortex, utilizing <a href="Hidden_Markov_models" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidden Markov models">Hidden Markov models</a> and <a href="Recurrent_neural_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Recurrent neural networks">recurrent neural networks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a>

Since researchers from <a href="University_of_California%2C_San_Francisco" title="University of California, San Francisco">UCSF</a> initiated a brain-computer interface (BCI) study, numerous reports have been made. In 2021, they reported that a paralyzed and with <a href="Dysarthria" title="Dysarthria">anarthria</a> man was able to communicate fifteen words per minute using an implanted device that examined nerve cells controlling the muscles of the vocal tract.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In addition in 2022 it was announced that their implant could also be used to spell out words and entire sentences without speaking aloud. The first bilingual speech neuroprosthesis was reported to have been developed by the same team at the University of San Francisco, in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a>

In a review article, authors wondered whether human information transfer rates can surpass that of language with BCIs. Language research has reported that information transfer rates are relatively constant across many languages. This may reflect the brain's information processing limit. Alternatively, this limit may be intrinsic to language itself, as a modality for information transfer.<a href="#cite_note-:5-72">[72]</a>

In 2023 two studies used BCIs with recurrent neural network to decode speech at a record rate of 62 words per minute and 78 words per minute.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Technical_challenges">Technical challenges</h4></div>

There exist a number of technical challenges to recording brain activity with invasive BCIs. Advances in <a href="CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a> technology are pushing and enabling integrated, invasive BCI designs with smaller size, lower power requirements, and higher signal acquisition capabilities.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Invasive BCIs involve electrodes that penetrate brain tissue in an attempt to record <a href="Action_potential" title="Action potential">action potential</a> signals (also known as spikes) from individual, or small groups of, neurons near the electrode. The interface between a recording electrode and the electrolytic solution surrounding neurons has been modelled using the <a href="Hodgkin-Huxley_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Hodgkin-Huxley model">Hodgkin-Huxley model</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Revealing_neuronal_function_through-78">[78]</a>

Electronic limitations to invasive BCIs have been an active area of research in recent decades. While <a href="Patch_clamp" title="Patch clamp">intracellular recordings</a> of neurons reveal action potential voltages on the scale of hundreds of millivolts, chronic invasive BCIs rely on recording extracellular voltages which typically are three orders of magnitude smaller, existing at hundreds of microvolts.<a href="#cite_note-:8-79">[79]</a> Further adding to the challenge of detecting signals on the scale of microvolts is the fact that the electrode-tissue interface has a high <a href="Capacitance" title="Capacitance">capacitance</a> at small voltages. Due to the nature of these small signals, for BCI systems that incorporate functionality onto an integrated circuit, each electrode requires its own <a href="Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifier</a> and <a href="Analog-to-digital_converter" title="Analog-to-digital converter">ADC</a>, which convert analog extracellular voltages into digital signals.<a href="#cite_note-:8-79">[79]</a> Because a typical neuron action potential lasts for one millisecond, BCIs measuring spikes must have sampling rates ranging from 300 Hz to 5 kHz. Yet another concern is that invasive BCIs must be low-power, so as to dissipate less heat to surrounding tissue; at the most basic level more power is traditionally needed to optimize <a href="Signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Signal-to-noise ratio">signal-to-noise ratio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Revealing_neuronal_function_through-78">[78]</a> Optimal battery design is an active area of research in BCIs.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a>Challenges existing in the area of <a href="Material_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Material science">material science</a> are central to the design of invasive BCIs. Variations in signal quality over time have been commonly observed with implantable microelectrodes.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Optimal material and mechanical characteristics for long term signal stability in invasive BCIs has been an active area of research.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> It has been proposed that the formation of <a href="Glial_scar" title="Glial scar">glial scarring</a>, secondary to damage at the electrode-tissue interface, is likely responsible for electrode failure and reduced recording performance.<a href="#cite_note-:10-83">[83]</a> Research has suggested that <a href="Blood-brain_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood-brain barrier">blood-brain barrier</a> leakage, either at the time of insertion or over time, may be responsible for the inflammatory and glial reaction to chronic microelectrodes implanted in the brain.<a href="#cite_note-:10-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> As a result, flexible<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> and tissue-like designs<a href="#cite_note-:9-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> have been researched and developed to minimize <a href="Foreign-body_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign-body reaction">foreign-body reaction</a> by means of matching the <a href="Young's_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a> of the electrode closer to that of brain tissue.<a href="#cite_note-:9-88">[88]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partially_invasive_BCIs">Partially invasive BCIs</h3></div>

Partially invasive BCI devices are implanted inside the skull but rest outside the brain rather than within the grey matter. They produce higher resolution signals than non-invasive BCIs where the bone tissue of the cranium deflects and deforms signals and have a lower risk of forming scar-tissue in the brain than fully invasive BCIs. Preclinical demonstration of intracortical BCIs from the stroke perilesional cortex has been conducted.<a href="#cite_note-robust_neuroprosthetic-90">[90]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Endovascular">Endovascular</h4></div>

A systematic review published in 2020 detailed multiple clinical and non-clinical studies investigating the feasibility of endovascular BCIs.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a>

In 2010, researchers affiliated with University of Melbourne began developing a BCI that could be inserted via the vascular system. Australian neurologist <a href="Thomas_Oxley_(Mount_Sinai_Hospital)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Oxley (Mount Sinai Hospital)">Thomas Oxley</a> conceived the idea for this BCI, called Stentrode, earning funding from <a href="DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a>. Preclinical studies evaluated the technology in sheep.<a href="#cite_note-:7-2">[2]</a>

<a href="Stentrode" class="mw-redirect" title="Stentrode">Stentrode</a> is a monolithic <a href="Stent-electrode_recording_array" title="Stent-electrode recording array">stent electrode array</a> designed to be delivered via an intravenous catheter under image-guidance to the <a href="Superior_sagittal_sinus" title="Superior sagittal sinus">superior sagittal sinus</a>, in the region which lies adjacent to the <a href="Motor_cortex" title="Motor cortex">motor cortex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-92">[92]</a> This proximity enables Stentrode to measure neural activity. The procedure is most similar to how venous sinus stents are placed for the treatment of <a href="Idiopathic_intracranial_hypertension" title="Idiopathic intracranial hypertension">idiopathic intracranial hypertension</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Stentrode communicates neural activity to a battery-less telemetry unit implanted in the chest, which communicates wirelessly with an external telemetry unit capable of power and data transfer. While an endovascular BCI benefits from avoiding a <a href="Craniotomy" title="Craniotomy">craniotomy</a> for insertion, risks such as <a href="Thrombus" title="Thrombus">clotting</a> and <a href="Venous_thrombosis" title="Venous thrombosis">venous thrombosis</a> exist.

Human trials with Stentrode were underway as of 2021.<a href="#cite_note-:4-92">[92]</a> In November 2020, two participants with <a href="Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis">amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</a> were able to wirelessly control an operating system to text, email, shop, and bank using direct thought using Stentrode,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> marking the first time a brain-computer interface was implanted via the patient's blood vessels, eliminating the need for brain surgery. In January 2023, researchers reported no serious adverse events during the first year for all four patients, who could use it to operate computers.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electrocorticography">Electrocorticography</h4></div>

<a href="Electrocorticography" title="Electrocorticography">Electrocorticography</a> (ECoG) measures brain electrical activity from beneath the skull in a way similar to non-invasive electroencephalography, using electrodes embedded in a thin plastic pad placed above the cortex, beneath the <a href="Dura_mater" title="Dura mater">dura mater</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> ECoG technologies were first trialled in humans in 2004 by Eric Leuthardt and Daniel Moran from <a href="Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a>. In a later trial, the researchers enabled a teenage boy to play <a href="Space_Invaders" title="Space Invaders">Space Invaders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> This research indicates that control is rapid, requires minimal training, balancing signal fidelity and level of invasiveness.<a href="#cite_note-100">[note 1]</a>

Signals can be either subdural or epidural, but are not taken from within the brain <a href="Parenchyma" title="Parenchyma">parenchyma</a>. Patients are required to have invasive monitoring for localization and resection of an epileptogenic focus.

ECoG offers higher spatial resolution, better signal-to-noise ratio, wider frequency range, and less training requirements than scalp-recorded EEG, and at the same time has lower technical difficulty, lower clinical risk, and may have superior long-term stability than intracortical single-neuron recording.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> This feature profile and evidence of the high level of control with minimal training requirements shows potential for real world application for people with motor disabilities.<a href="#cite_note-Mondeofuse-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-TelepathicCommVowel-103">[102]</a>

<a href="Edward_Chang_(neurosurgeon)" title="Edward Chang (neurosurgeon)">Edward Chang</a> and Joseph Makin from <a href="UCSF_Medical_Center" title="UCSF Medical Center">UCSF</a> reported that ECoG signals could be used to decode speech from epilepsy patients implanted with high-density ECoG arrays over the peri-Sylvian cortices.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> They reported word error rates of 3% (a marked improvement from prior efforts) utilizing an encoder-decoder <a href="Neural_network" title="Neural network">neural network</a>, which translated ECoG data into one of fifty sentences composed of 250 unique words.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Functional_near-infrared_spectroscopy">Functional near-infrared spectroscopy</h4></div>

In 2014, a BCI using <a href="Functional_near-infrared_spectroscopy" title="Functional near-infrared spectroscopy">functional near-infrared spectroscopy</a> for "locked-in" patients with <a href="Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis">amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</a> (ALS) was able to restore basic ability to communicate.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electroencephalography_(EEG)-based_brain-computer_interfaces">Electroencephalography (EEG)-based brain-computer interfaces</h4></div>

After Vidal stated the BCI challenge, the initial reports on non-invasive approaches included control of a cursor in 2D using VEP,<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> control of a buzzer using CNV,<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> control of a physical object, a robot, using a brain rhythm (alpha),<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> control of a text written on a screen using P300.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bozinovski1-10">[10]</a>

In the early days of BCI research, another substantial barrier to using EEG was that extensive training was required. For example, in experiments beginning in the mid-1990s, Niels Birbaumer at the <a href="University_of_T%C3%BCbingen" title="University of Tübingen">University of Tübingen</a> in <a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> trained paralysed people to self-regulate the slow cortical potentials in their EEG to such an extent that these signals could be used as a binary signal to control a computer cursor. (Birbaumer had earlier trained <a href="Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epileptics</a> to prevent impending fits by controlling this low voltage wave.) The experiment trained ten patients to move a computer cursor. The process was slow, requiring more than an hour for patients to write 100 characters with the cursor, while training often took months. The slow cortical potential approach has fallen away in favor of approaches that require little or no training, are faster and more accurate, and work for a greater proportion of users.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a>

Another research parameter is the type of <a href="Neural_oscillation" title="Neural oscillation">oscillatory activity</a> that is measured. Gert Pfurtscheller founded the BCI Lab 1991 and conducted the first online BCI based on oscillatory features and classifiers. Together with Birbaumer and Jonathan Wolpaw at <a href="New_York_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State University">New York State University</a> they focused on developing technology that would allow users to choose the brain signals they found easiest to operate a BCI, including <a href="Mu_wave" title="Mu wave">mu</a> and <a href="Beta_wave" title="Beta wave">beta</a> rhythms.

A further parameter is the method of feedback used as shown in studies of <a href="P300_(Neuroscience)" class="mw-redirect" title="P300 (Neuroscience)">P300</a> signals. Patterns of P300 waves are generated involuntarily (<a href="Event-related_potential" title="Event-related potential">stimulus-feedback</a>) when people see something they recognize and may allow BCIs to decode categories of thoughts without training.

A 2005 study reported EEG emulation of digital control circuits, using a CNV flip-flop.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> A 2009 study reported noninvasive EEG control of a robotic arm using a CNV flip-flop.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> A 2011 study reported control of two robotic arms solving <a href="Tower_of_Hanoi" title="Tower of Hanoi">Tower of Hanoi</a> task with three disks using a CNV flip-flop.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> A 2015 study described EEG-emulation of a <a href="Schmitt_trigger" title="Schmitt trigger">Schmitt trigger</a>, flip-flop, <a href="Demultiplexer" class="mw-redirect" title="Demultiplexer">demultiplexer</a>, and <a href="Modem" title="Modem">modem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a>

Advances by <a href="Bin_He" title="Bin He">Bin He</a> and his team at <a href="University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a> suggest the potential of EEG-based brain-computer interfaces to accomplish tasks close to invasive brain-computer interfaces. Using advanced functional neuroimaging including BOLD functional <a href="MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI">MRI</a> and <a href="EEG" class="mw-redirect" title="EEG">EEG</a> source imaging, They identified the co-variation and co-localization of <a href="Electrophysiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrophysiological">electrophysiological</a> and <a href="Hemodynamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemodynamic">hemodynamic</a> signals.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> Refined by a neuroimaging approach and a training protocol, They fashioned a non-invasive EEG based brain-computer interface to control the flight of a virtual helicopter in 3-dimensional space, based upon motor imagination.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> In June 2013 they announced a technique to guide a remote-control helicopter through an obstacle course.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> They also solved the EEG <a href="Inverse_problem" title="Inverse problem">inverse problem</a> and then used the resulting virtual EEG for BCI tasks. Well-controlled studies suggested the merits of such a source analysis-based BCI.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a>

A 2014 study reported that severely motor-impaired patients could communicate faster and more reliably with non-invasive EEG BCI than with muscle-based communication channels.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a>

A 2019 study reported that the application of evolutionary algorithms could improve EEG mental state classification with a non-invasive <a href="Muse_(headband)" title="Muse (headband)">Muse</a> device, enabling classification of data acquired by a consumer-grade sensing device.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a>

In a 2021 systematic review of <a href="Randomized_controlled_trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Randomized controlled trials">randomized controlled trials</a> using BCI for post-stroke upper-limb rehabilitation, EEG-based BCI was reported to have efficacy in improving upper-limb motor function compared to control therapies. More specifically, BCI studies that utilized band power features, <a href="Motor_imagery" title="Motor imagery">motor imagery</a>, and <a href="Functional_electrical_stimulation" title="Functional electrical stimulation">functional electrical stimulation</a> were reported to be more effective than alternatives.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> Another 2021 systematic review focused on post-stroke robot-assisted EEG-based BCI for hand rehabilitation. Improvement in motor assessment scores was observed in three of eleven studies.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dry_active_electrode_arrays">Dry active electrode arrays</h4></div>

In the early 1990s Babak Taheri, at <a href="University_of_California%2C_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">University of California, Davis</a> demonstrated the first single and multichannel dry active electrode arrays.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> The arrayed electrode was demonstrated to perform well compared to <a href="Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>/<a href="Silver_chloride" title="Silver chloride">silver chloride</a> electrodes. The device consisted of four sensor sites with integrated electronics to reduce noise by <a href="Impedance_matching" title="Impedance matching">impedance matching</a>. The advantages of such electrodes are:

<ul><li>no electrolyte used,</li>

<li>no skin preparation,</li>

<li>significantly reduced sensor size,</li>

<li>compatibility with EEG monitoring systems.</li></ul>

The active electrode array is an integrated system containing an array of capacitive sensors with local integrated circuitry packaged with batteries to power the circuitry. This level of integration was required to achieve the result.

The electrode was tested on a test bench and on human subjects in four modalities, namely:

<ul><li>spontaneous EEG,</li>

<li>sensory event-related potentials,</li>

<li>brain stem potentials,</li>

<li>cognitive event-related potentials.</li></ul>

Performance compared favorably with that of standard wet electrodes in terms of skin preparation, no gel requirements (dry), and higher signal-to-noise ratio.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a>

In 1999 Hunter Peckham and others at <a href="Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve University</a> used a 64-electrode EEG skullcap to return limited hand movements to a <a href="Quadriplegic" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadriplegic">quadriplegic</a>. As he concentrated on simple but opposite concepts like up and down. A basic pattern was identified in his beta-rhythm EEG output and used to control a switch: Above average activity was interpreted as on, below average off. The signals were also used to drive nerve controllers embedded in his hands, restoring some movement.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="SSVEP_mobile_EEG_BCIs">SSVEP mobile EEG BCIs</h4></div>

In 2009, the NCTU Brain-Computer-Interface-headband was announced. Those researchers also engineered silicon-based <a href="Microelectromechanical_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Microelectromechanical systems">microelectro-mechanical system</a> (MEMS) <a href="Electroencephalography#Dry_EEG_electrodes" title="Electroencephalography">dry electrodes</a> designed for application to non-hairy body sites. These electrodes were secured to the headband's <a href="Data_acquisition" title="Data acquisition">DAQ</a> board with snap-on electrode holders. The signal processing module measured <a href="Alpha_wave" title="Alpha wave">alpha</a> activity and transferred it over <a href="Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> to a phone that assessed the patients' alertness and cognitive capacity. When the subject became drowsy, the phone sent arousing feedback to the operator to rouse them.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a>

In 2011, researchers reported a cellular based BCI that could cause a phone to ring. The wearable system was composed of a four channel bio-signal acquisition/amplification <a href="Modular_design" title="Modular design">module</a>, a communication module, and a Bluetooth phone. The electrodes were placed to pick up steady state visual evoked potentials (<a href="Steady_state_visually_evoked_potential" title="Steady state visually evoked potential">SSVEPs</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:1-128">[127]</a> SSVEPs are electrical responses to flickering visual stimuli with repetition rates over 6 Hz<a href="#cite_note-:1-128">[127]</a> that are best found in the parietal and occipital scalp regions of the visual cortex.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-130">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> It was reported that all study participants were able to initiate the phone call with minimal practice in natural environments.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a>

The scientists reported that a single channel <a href="Fast_Fourier_transform" title="Fast Fourier transform">fast Fourier transform</a> (FFT) and multiple channel system <a href="Canonical_correlation_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical correlation analysis">canonical correlation analysis</a> (<a href="Canonical_correlation" title="Canonical correlation">CCA</a>) algorithm can support mobile BCIs.<a href="#cite_note-:1-128">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-133">[132]</a> The CCA algorithm has been applied in experiments investigating BCIs with claimed high accuracy and speed.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> Cellular BCI technology can reportedly be translated for other applications, such as picking up sensorimotor <a href="Mu_wave" title="Mu wave">mu</a>/<a href="Beta_wave" title="Beta wave">beta</a> rhythms to function as a motor-imagery based BCI.<a href="#cite_note-:1-128">[127]</a>

In 2013, comparative tests performed on <a href="Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> cell phone, tablet, and computer based BCIs, analyzed the power <a href="Spectral_density" title="Spectral density">spectrum density</a> of resultant EEG SSVEPs. The stated goals of this study were to "increase the practicability, portability, and ubiquity of an SSVEP-based BCI, for daily use". It was reported that the stimulation frequency on all mediums was accurate, although the phone's signal was not stable. The amplitudes of the SSVEPs for the laptop and tablet were reported to be larger than those of the cell phone. These two qualitative characterizations were suggested as indicators of the feasibility of using a mobile stimulus BCI.<a href="#cite_note-:3-133">[132]</a>

One of the difficulties with EEG readings is susceptibility to motion artifacts.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> In most research projects, the participants were asked to sit still in a laboratory setting, reducing head and eye movements as much as possible. However, since these initiatives were intended to create a mobile device for daily use,<a href="#cite_note-:3-133">[132]</a> the technology had to be tested in motion. In 2013, researchers tested mobile EEG-based BCI technology, measuring SSVEPs from participants as they walked on a treadmill. Reported results were that as speed increased, SSVEP detectability using CCA decreased. <a href="Independent_component_analysis" title="Independent component analysis">Independent component analysis</a> (ICA) had been shown to be efficient in separating EEG signals from noise.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> The researchers stated that CCA data with and without ICA processing were similar. They concluded that CCA demonstrated robustness to motion artifacts.<a href="#cite_note-:2-130">[129]</a> EEG-based BCI applications offer low spatial resolution. Possible solutions include: EEG source connectivity based on <a href="Graph_theory" title="Graph theory">graph theory</a>, EEG pattern recognition based on Topomap and EEG-<a href="FMRI" class="mw-redirect" title="FMRI">fMRI</a> fusion.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prosthesis_and_environment_control">Prosthesis and environment control</h4></div>

Non-invasive BCIs have been applied to prosthetic upper and lower extremity devices in people with paralysis. For example, Gert Pfurtscheller of <a href="Graz_University_of_Technology" title="Graz University of Technology">Graz University of Technology</a> and colleagues demonstrated a BCI-controlled <a href="Functional_electrical_stimulation" title="Functional electrical stimulation">functional electrical stimulation</a> system to restore upper extremity movements in a person with tetraplegia due to <a href="Spinal_cord_injury" title="Spinal cord injury">spinal cord injury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> Between 2012 and 2013, researchers at <a href="University_of_California%2C_Irvine" title="University of California, Irvine">University of California, Irvine</a> demonstrated for the first time that BCI technology can restore brain-controlled walking after <a href="Spinal_cord_injury" title="Spinal cord injury">spinal cord injury</a>. In their <a href="Spinal_cord_injury_research" title="Spinal cord injury research">study</a>, a person with <a href="Paraplegia" title="Paraplegia">paraplegia</a> operated a BCI-robotic gait <a href="Orthosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthosis">orthosis</a> to regain basic ambulation.<a href="#cite_note-DoWang2013-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> In 2009 independent researcher Alex Blainey used the <a href="Emotiv" title="Emotiv">Emotiv</a> EPOC to control a 5 axis robot arm.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> He made several demonstrations of mind controlled wheelchairs and <a href="Home_automation" title="Home automation">home automation</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Magnetoencephalography_and_fMRI">Magnetoencephalography and fMRI</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Magnetoencephalography" title="Magnetoencephalography">Magnetoencephalography</a> and <a href="Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Functional magnetic resonance imaging">Functional magnetic resonance imaging</a></div>

<a href="Magnetoencephalography" title="Magnetoencephalography">Magnetoencephalography</a> (MEG) and <a href="Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Functional magnetic resonance imaging">functional magnetic resonance imaging</a> (fMRI) have both been used as non-invasive BCIs.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> In a widely reported experiment, fMRI allowed two users to play <a href="Pong" title="Pong">Pong</a> in real-time by altering their <a href="Haemodynamic_response" title="Haemodynamic response">haemodynamic response</a> or brain blood flow through <a href="Biofeedback" title="Biofeedback">biofeedback</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a>

fMRI measurements of haemodynamic responses in real time have also been used to control robot arms with a seven-second delay between thought and movement.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a>

In 2008 research developed in the Advanced Telecommunications Research (ATR) <a href="Computational_Neuroscience" class="mw-redirect" title="Computational Neuroscience">Computational Neuroscience</a> Laboratories in <a href="Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, Japan, allowed researchers to reconstruct images from brain signals at a <a href="Display_resolution" title="Display resolution">resolution</a> of 10x10 <a href="Pixels" class="mw-redirect" title="Pixels">pixels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a>

A 2011 study reported second-by-second reconstruction of videos watched by the study's subjects, from fMRI data.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> This was achieved by creating a statistical model relating videos to brain activity. This model was then used to look up 100 one-second video segments, in a database of 18 million seconds of random <a href="YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> videos, matching visual patterns to brain activity recorded when subjects watched a video. These 100 one-second video extracts were then combined into a mash-up image that resembled the video.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="BCI_control_strategies_in_neurogaming">BCI control strategies in neurogaming</h4></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Motor_imagery">Motor imagery</h5></div>

<a href="Motor_imagery" title="Motor imagery">Motor imagery</a> involves imagining the movement of body parts, activating the <a href="Sensorimotor_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensorimotor cortex">sensorimotor cortex</a>, which modulates sensorimotor oscillations in the EEG. This can be detected by the BCI and used to infer user intent. Motor imagery typically requires training to acquire acceptable control. Training sessions typically consume hours over several days. Regardless of the duration of the training session, users are unable to master the control scheme. This results in very slow pace of the gameplay.<a href="#cite_note-ieeexplore.ieee.org-149">[148]</a> Machine learning methods were used to compute a subject-specific model for detecting motor imagery performance. The top performing algorithm from BCI Competition IV in 2022<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> dataset 2 for motor imagery was the Filter Bank Common Spatial Pattern, developed by Ang et al. from <a href="A*STAR" class="mw-redirect" title="A*STAR">A*STAR</a>, <a href="Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Bio/neurofeedback_for_passive_BCI_designs">Bio/neurofeedback for passive BCI designs</h5></div>

Biofeedback can be used to monitor a subject's mental relaxation. In some cases, biofeedback does not match EEG, while parameters such as <a href="Electromyography" title="Electromyography">electromyography</a> (EMG), <a href="Galvanic_skin_response" class="mw-redirect" title="Galvanic skin response">galvanic skin resistance</a> (GSR), and <a href="Heart_rate_variability" title="Heart rate variability">heart rate variability</a> (HRV) can do so. Many biofeedback systems treat disorders such as <a href="Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)</a>, sleep problems in children, teeth grinding, and chronic pain. EEG biofeedback systems typically monitor four brainwave bands (theta: 4–7 Hz, alpha:8–12 Hz, SMR: 12–15 Hz, beta: 15–18 Hz) and challenge the subject to control them. Passive BCI uses BCI to enrich human–machine interaction with information on the user's mental state, for example, simulations that detect when users intend to push brakes during emergency vehicle braking.<a href="#cite_note-:0-51">[51]</a> Game developers using passive BCIs understand that through repetition of game levels the user's cognitive state adapts. During the first play of a given level, the player reacts differently than during subsequent plays: for example, the user is less surprised by an event that they expect.<a href="#cite_note-ieeexplore.ieee.org-149">[148]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Visual_evoked_potential_(VEP)">Visual evoked potential (VEP)</h5></div>

A VEP is an electrical potential recorded after a subject is presented with a visual stimuli. The types of VEPs include SSVEPs and P300 potential.

<a href="Steady_state_visually_evoked_potential" title="Steady state visually evoked potential">Steady-state visually evoked potentials</a> (SSVEPs) use potentials generated by exciting the <a href="Retina" title="Retina">retina</a>, using visual stimuli modulated at certain frequencies. SSVEP stimuli are often formed from alternating checkerboard patterns and at times use flashing images. The frequency of the phase reversal of the stimulus used can be distinguished by EEG; this makes detection of SSVEP stimuli relatively easy. SSVEP is used within many BCI systems. This is due to several factors. The signal elicited is measurable in as large a population as the transient VEP and blink movement. Electrocardiographic artefacts do not affect the frequencies monitored. The SSVEP signal is robust; the topographic organization of the primary visual cortex is such that a broader area obtains afferents from the visual field's central or fovial region. SSVEP comes with problems. As SSVEPs use flashing stimuli to infer user intent, the user must gaze at one of the flashing or iterating symbols in order to interact with the system. It is, therefore, likely that the symbols become irritating and uncomfortable during longer play sessions.

Another type of VEP is the <a href="P300_(neuroscience)" title="P300 (neuroscience)">P300 potential</a>. This potential is a positive peak in the EEG that occurs roughly 300 ms after the appearance of a target stimulus (a stimulus for which the user is waiting or seeking) or <a href="Oddball_paradigm" title="Oddball paradigm">oddball stimuli</a>. P300 amplitude decreases as the target stimuli and the ignored stimuli grow more similar. P300 is thought to be related to a higher level attention process or an orienting response. Using P300 requires fewer training sessions. The first application to use it was the P300 matrix. Within this system, a subject chooses a letter from a 6 by 6 grid of letters and numbers. The rows and columns of the grid flashed sequentially and every time the selected "choice letter" was illuminated the user's P300 was (potentially) elicited. However, the communication process, at approximately 17 characters per minute, was slow. P300 offers a discrete selection rather than continuous control. The advantage of P300 within games is that the player does not have to learn how to use a new control system, requiring only short training instances to learn gameplay mechanics and the basic BCI paradigm.<a href="#cite_note-ieeexplore.ieee.org-149">[148]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-brain-based_human–computer_interface_(physiological_computing)">Non-brain-based human–computer interface (physiological computing)</h4></div>

Human-computer interaction can exploit other recording modalities, such as <a href="Electrooculography" title="Electrooculography">electrooculography</a> and eye-tracking. These modalities do not record brain activity and therefore do not qualify as BCIs.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Electrooculography_(EOG)">Electrooculography (EOG)</h5></div>

In 1989, a study reported control of a mobile robot by eye movement using electrooculography signals. A mobile robot was driven to a goal point using five EOG commands, interpreted as forward, backward, left, right, and stop.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Pupil-size_oscillation">Pupil-size oscillation</h5></div>

A 2016 article described a new non-EEG-based HCI that required no <a href="Visual_fixation" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual fixation">visual fixation</a>, or ability to move the eyes.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> The interface is based on covert <a href="Interest_(emotion)" title="Interest (emotion)">interest</a>; directing attention to a chosen letter on a virtual keyboard, without the need to look directly at the letter. Each letter has its own (background) circle which micro-oscillates in brightness differently from the others. Letter selection is based on best fit between unintentional pupil-size oscillation and the background circle's brightness oscillation pattern. Accuracy is additionally improved by the user's mental rehearsal of the words 'bright' and 'dark' in synchrony with the brightness transitions of the letter's circle.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brain-to-brain_communication">Brain-to-brain communication</h3></div>

In the 1960s a researcher after training used EEG to create <a href="Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a> using alpha waves.<a href="#cite_note-Telepathy-155">[154]</a> On 27 February 2013 <a href="Miguel_Nicolelis" title="Miguel Nicolelis">Miguel Nicolelis</a>'s group at <a href="Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> and IINN-ELS connected the brains of two rats, allowing them to share information, in <a href="Miguel_Nicolelis#Brain_to_brain" title="Miguel Nicolelis">the first-ever direct brain-to-brain interface</a>.<a href="#cite_note-srep01319-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a>

Gerwin Schalk reported that ECoG signals can discriminate vowels and consonants embedded in spoken and imagined words, shedding light on the mechanisms associated with their production and could provide a basis for brain-based communication using imagined speech.<a href="#cite_note-TelepathicCommVowel-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-TelepathicComm-159">[158]</a>

In 2002 <a href="Kevin_Warwick" title="Kevin Warwick">Kevin Warwick</a> had an array of 100 electrodes fired into his nervous system in order to link his nervous system to the Internet. Warwick carried out a series of experiments. Electrodes were implanted into his wife's nervous system, allowing them to conduct the first direct electronic communication experiment between the nervous systems of two humans.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-doi10.1001/archneur.60.10.1369|noedit-163">[162]</a>

Other researchers achieved brain-to-brain communication between participants at a distance using non-invasive technology attached to the participants' scalps. The words were encoded in binary streams by the cognitive motor input of the person sending the information. Pseudo-random bits of the information carried encoded words "hola" ("hi" in Spanish) and "ciao" ("goodbye" in Italian) and were transmitted mind-to-mind.<a href="#cite_note-consciousbraintobrain-164">[163]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cell-culture_BCIs">Cell-culture BCIs</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Cultured_neuronal_network" title="Cultured neuronal network">Cultured neuronal network</a></div>

Researchers have built devices to interface with neural cells and entire neural networks <a href="In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a>. Experiments on cultured neural tissue focused on building problem-solving networks, constructing basic computers and manipulating robotic devices. Research into techniques for stimulating and recording individual neurons grown on semiconductor chips is neuroelectronics or <a href="Neurochip" title="Neurochip">neurochips</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a>

Development of the first neurochip was claimed by a Caltech team led by Jerome Pine and Michael Maher in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> The Caltech chip had room for 16 neurons.

In 2003 a team led by Theodore Berger, at the <a href="University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a>, worked on a neurochip designed to function as an artificial or prosthetic <a href="Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a>. The neurochip was designed for rat brains. The hippocampus was chosen because it is thought to be the most structured and most studied part of the brain. Its function is to encode experiences for storage as long-term memories elsewhere in the brain.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a>

In 2004 Thomas DeMarse at the <a href="University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a> used a culture of 25,000 neurons taken from a rat's brain to fly a <a href="F-22" class="mw-redirect" title="F-22">F-22</a> fighter jet <a href="Aircraft_simulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft simulator">aircraft simulator</a>. After collection, the cortical neurons were cultured in a <a href="Petri_dish" title="Petri dish">petri dish</a> and reconnected themselves to form a living neural network. The cells were arranged over a grid of 60 electrodes and used to control the <a href="Aircraft_principal_axes" title="Aircraft principal axes">pitch</a> and <a href="Aircraft_principal_axes" title="Aircraft principal axes">yaw</a> functions of the simulator. The study's focus was on understanding how the human brain performs and learns computational tasks at a cellular level.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethical_considerations">Ethical considerations</h2></div>

Concerns center on the safety and long-term effects on users. These include obtaining <a href="Informed_consent" title="Informed consent">informed consent</a> from individuals with communication difficulties, the impact on patients' and families' quality of life, health-related side effects, misuse of therapeutic applications, safety risks, and the non-reversible nature of some BCI-induced changes. Additionally, questions arise about access to maintenance, repair, and spare parts, particularly in the event of a company's bankruptcy.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a>

The legal and social aspects of BCIs complicate mainstream adoption. Concerns include issues of accountability and responsibility, such as claims that BCI influence overrides free will and control over actions, inaccurate translation of cognitive intentions, personality changes resulting from deep-brain stimulation, and the blurring of the line between human and machine.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> Other concerns involve the use of BCIs in advanced interrogation techniques, unauthorized access ("brain hacking"),<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> social stratification through selective enhancement, privacy issues related to mind-reading, tracking and "tagging" systems, and the potential for mind, movement, and emotion control.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a>

In their current form, most BCIs are more akin to corrective therapies that engage few of such ethical issues. Bioethics is well-equipped to address the challenges posed by BCI technologies, with Clausen suggesting in 2009 that "BCIs pose ethical challenges, but these are conceptually similar to those that bioethicists have addressed for other realms of therapy."<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> Haselager and colleagues highlighted the importance of managing expectations and value.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a>

The evolution of BCIs mirrors that of pharmaceutical science, which began as a means to address impairments and now enhances focus and reduces the need for sleep. As BCIs progress from therapies to enhancements, the BCI community is working to create consensus on ethical guidelines for research, development, and dissemination.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Low-cost_systems">Low-cost systems</h2></div>

Various companies are developing inexpensive BCIs for research and entertainment. Toys such as the NeuroSky and Mattel MindFlex have seen some commercial success.

<ul><li>In 2006, <a href="Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> patented a neural interface system allowing radio waves to affect signals in the neural cortex.<a href="#cite_note-Sony_patent_neural_interface-177">[176]</a></li>

<li>In 2007, <a href="NeuroSky" title="NeuroSky">NeuroSky</a> released the first affordable consumer based EEG along with the game NeuroBoy. It was the first large scale EEG device to use dry sensor technology.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a></li>

<li>In 2008, <a href="OCZ_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="OCZ Technology">OCZ Technology</a> developed a device for use in video games relying primarily on <a href="Electromyography" title="Electromyography">electromyography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a></li>

<li>In 2008, <a href="Final_Fantasy" title="Final Fantasy">Final Fantasy</a> developer <a href="Square_Enix" title="Square Enix">Square Enix</a> announced that it was partnering with NeuroSky to create Judecca, a game.<a href="#cite_note-Mind_reading_is_on_the_market-180">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a></li>

<li>In 2009, <a href="Mattel" title="Mattel">Mattel</a> partnered with NeuroSky to release <a href="Mindflex" title="Mindflex">Mindflex</a>, a game that used an EEG to steer a ball through an obstacle course. It was by far the best selling consumer based EEG at the time.<a href="#cite_note-Mind_reading_is_on_the_market-180">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a></li>

<li>In 2009, <a href="Uncle_Milton_Industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncle Milton Industries">Uncle Milton Industries</a> partnered with NeuroSky to release the <a href="Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a> <a href="Force_Trainer" title="Force Trainer">Force Trainer</a>, a game designed to create the illusion of possessing <a href="The_Force" title="The Force">the Force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mind_reading_is_on_the_market-180">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a></li>

<li>In 2009, <a href="Emotiv" title="Emotiv">Emotiv</a> released the EPOC, a 14 channel EEG device that can read 4 mental states, 13 conscious states, facial expressions, and head movements. The EPOC was the first commercial BCI to use dry sensor technology, which can be dampened with a saline solution for a better connection.<a href="#cite_note-emotive-184">[183]</a></li>

<li>In November 2011, <a href="Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine selected "necomimi" produced by <a href="Neurowear" title="Neurowear">Neurowear</a> as one of the year's best inventions.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a></li>

<li>In February 2014, They Shall Walk (a nonprofit organization fixed on constructing exoskeletons, dubbed LIFESUITs, for paraplegics and quadriplegics) began a partnership with James W. Shakarji on the development of a wireless BCI.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a></li>

<li>In 2016, a group of hobbyists developed an open-source BCI board that sends neural signals to the audio jack of a smartphone, dropping the cost of entry-level BCI to £20.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> Basic diagnostic software is available for <a href="Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> devices, as well as a text entry app for <a href="Unity_(game_engine)" title="Unity (game engine)">Unity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a></li>

<li>In 2020, NextMind released a dev kit including an EEG headset with dry electrodes at $399.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> The device can run various visual-BCI demonstration applications or developers can create their own. It was later acquired by <a href="Snap_Inc." title="Snap Inc.">Snap Inc.</a> in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a></li>

<li>In 2023, PiEEG released a shield that allows converting a single-board computer Raspberry Pi to a brain-computer interface for $350.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future_directions">Future directions</h2></div>

A consortium of 12 European partners completed a roadmap to support the European Commission in their funding decisions for the <a href="Horizon_2020" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizon 2020">Horizon 2020</a> framework program. The project was funded by the European Commission. It started in November 2013 and published a roadmap in April 2015.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> A 2015 publication describes this project, as well as the Brain-Computer Interface Society.<a href="#cite_note-bncihorizon2020-194">[193]</a> It reviewed work within this project that further defined BCIs and applications, explored recent trends, discussed ethical issues, and evaluated directions for new BCIs.

Other recent publications too have explored future BCI directions for new groups of disabled users.<a href="#cite_note-Wolpaw,_J.R_2012-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disorders_of_consciousness_(DOC)">Disorders of consciousness (DOC)</h3></div>

Some people have a <a href="Disorder_of_consciousness" title="Disorder of consciousness">disorder of consciousness</a> (DOC). This state is defined to include people in a coma and those in a <a href="Vegetative_state" title="Vegetative state">vegetative state</a> (VS) or <a href="Minimally_conscious_state" title="Minimally conscious state">minimally conscious state</a> (MCS). BCI research seeks to address DOC. A key initial goal is to identify patients who can perform basic cognitive tasks, which would change their diagnosis, and allow them to make important decisions (such as whether to seek therapy, where to live, and their views on end-of-life decisions regarding them). Patients incorrectly diagnosed may die as a result of end-of-life decisions made by others. The prospect of using BCI to communicate with such patients is a tantalizing prospect.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a>

Many such patients cannot use BCIs based on vision. Hence, tools must rely on auditory and/or vibrotactile stimuli. Patients may wear headphones and/or vibrotactile stimulators placed on responsive body parts. Another challenge is that patients may be able to communicate only at unpredictable intervals. Home devices can allow communications when the patient is ready.

Automated tools can ask questions that patients can easily answer, such as "Is your father named George?" or "Were you born in the USA?" Automated instructions inform patients how to convey yes or no, for example by focusing their attention on stimuli on the right vs. left wrist. This focused attention produces reliable changes in <a href="Electroencephalography" title="Electroencephalography">EEG patterns</a> that can help determine whether the patient is able to communicate.<a href="#cite_note-BolyMassimini2012-198">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motor_recovery">Motor recovery</h3></div>

People may lose some of their ability to move due to many causes, such as stroke or injury. Research in recent years has demonstrated the utility of EEG-based BCI systems in aiding motor recovery and neurorehabilitation in patients who have had a stroke.<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> Several groups have explored systems and methods for motor recovery that include BCIs.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> In this approach, a BCI measures motor activity while the patient imagines or attempts movements as directed by a therapist. The BCI may provide two benefits: (1) if the BCI indicates that a patient is not imagining a movement correctly (non-compliance), then the BCI could inform the patient and therapist; and (2) rewarding feedback such as functional stimulation or the movement of a virtual avatar also depends on the patient's correct movement imagery.

So far, BCIs for motor recovery have relied on the EEG to measure the patient's motor imagery. However, studies have also used fMRI to study different changes in the brain as persons undergo BCI-based stroke rehab training.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-211">[210]</a> Imaging studies combined with EEG-based BCI systems hold promise for investigating neuroplasticity during motor recovery post-stroke.<a href="#cite_note-:6-211">[210]</a> Future systems might include the fMRI and other measures for real-time control, such as functional near-infrared, probably in tandem with EEGs. Non-invasive brain stimulation has also been explored in combination with BCIs for motor recovery.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> In 2016, scientists out of the <a href="University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a> published preclinical proof-of-concept data related to a potential brain-computer interface technology platform being developed for patients with paralysis to facilitate control of external devices such as robotic limbs, computers and exoskeletons by translating brain activity.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Functional_brain_mapping">Functional brain mapping</h3></div>

In 2014, some 400,000 people underwent <a href="Brain_mapping" title="Brain mapping">brain mapping</a> during neurosurgery. This procedure is often required for people who do not respond to <a href="Medication" title="Medication">medication</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> During this procedure, electrodes are placed on the brain to precisely identify the locations of structures and functional areas. Patients may be awake during neurosurgery and asked to perform tasks, such as moving fingers or repeating words. This is necessary so that surgeons can remove the desired tissue while sparing other regions. Removing too much brain tissue can cause permanent damage, while removing too little can mandate additional neurosurgery.

Researchers explored ways to improve neurosurgical mapping. This work focuses largely on high gamma activity, which is difficult to detect non-invasively. Results improved methods for identifying key functional areas.<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flexible_devices">Flexible devices</h3></div>

<a href="Flexible_electronics" title="Flexible electronics">Flexible electronics</a> are <a href="Polymer" title="Polymer">polymers</a> or other flexible materials (e.g. <a href="Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>,<a href="#cite_note-KimSilk-218">[217]</a> <a href="Pentacene" title="Pentacene">pentacene</a>, <a href="Polydimethylsiloxane" title="Polydimethylsiloxane">PDMS</a>, <a href="Parylene" title="Parylene">Parylene</a>, <a href="Polyimide" title="Polyimide">polyimide</a><a href="#cite_note-Boppart-219">[218]</a>) printed with <a href="Circuitry" class="mw-redirect" title="Circuitry">circuitry</a>; the flexibility allows the electronics to bend. The <a href="Semiconductor_device_fabrication" title="Semiconductor device fabrication">fabrication techniques</a> used to create these devices resembles those used to create <a href="Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuits</a> and <a href="Microelectromechanical_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Microelectromechanical systems">microelectromechanical systems</a> (MEMS).

Flexible neural interfaces may minimize brain tissue trauma related to mechanical mismatch between electrode and tissue.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neural_dust">Neural dust</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Neural_dust" title="Neural dust">Neural dust</a></div>

<a href="Neural_dust" title="Neural dust">Neural dust</a> is millimeter-sized devices operated as <a href="Wireless_power_transfer" title="Wireless power transfer">wirelessly powered</a> nerve sensors that were proposed in a 2011 paper from the <a href="University_of_California%2C_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> Wireless Research Center.<a href="#cite_note-Rabaey-221">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> In one model, <a href="Local_field_potential" title="Local field potential">local field potentials</a> could be distinguished from <a href="Action_potential" title="Action potential">action potential</a> "spikes", which would offer greatly diversified data vs conventional techniques.<a href="#cite_note-Rabaey-221">[220]</a>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;">

<ul><li><a href="AlterEgo" title="AlterEgo">AlterEgo</a>, a system that reads unspoken verbalizations and responds with bone-conduction headphones</li>

<li><a href="Augmented_learning" title="Augmented learning">Augmented learning</a></li>

<li><a href="BrainCo" title="BrainCo">BrainCo</a></li>

<li><a href="Cortical_implants" class="mw-redirect" title="Cortical implants">Cortical implants</a></li>

<li><a href="Deep_brain_stimulation" title="Deep brain stimulation">Deep brain stimulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Experience_machine" title="Experience machine">Experience machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Intendix" title="Intendix">Intendix</a></li>

<li><a href="Kernel_(neurotechnology_company)" title="Kernel (neurotechnology company)">Kernel (neurotechnology company)</a></li>

<li><a href="Neural_engineering" title="Neural engineering">Neural engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurorobotics" title="Neurorobotics">Neurorobotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurostimulation" title="Neurostimulation">Neurostimulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Nootropic" title="Nootropic">Nootropic</a></li>

<li><a href="Paradromics" title="Paradromics">Paradromics</a></li>

<li><a href="Precision_Neuroscience" title="Precision Neuroscience">Precision Neuroscience</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Cyborg" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Cyborg">Project Cyborg</a></li>

<li><a href="Simulated_reality" title="Simulated reality">Simulated reality</a></li>

<li><a href="Stent-electrode_recording_array" title="Stent-electrode recording array">Stent-electrode recording array</a></li>

<li><a href="Thought_identification" class="mw-redirect" title="Thought identification">Thought identification</a></li>

<li><a href="Wetware_computer" title="Wetware computer">Wetware computer</a> (Uses similar technology for IO)</li>

<li><a href="Whole_brain_emulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Whole brain emulation">Whole brain emulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Wirehead_(science_fiction)" title="Wirehead (science fiction)">Wirehead (science fiction)</a></li></ul></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

<li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> These electrodes had not been implanted in the patient with the intention of developing a BCI. The patient had had severe <a href="Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a> and the electrodes were temporarily implanted to help his physicians localize seizure foci; the BCI researchers simply took advantage of this.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFKrucoffRahimpourSlutzkyEdgerton2016" class="citation journal cs1">Krucoff MO, Rahimpour S, Slutzky MW, Edgerton VR, Turner DA (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5186786">"Enhancing Nervous System Recovery through Neurobiologics, Neural Interface Training, and Neurorehabilitation"</a>. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 10: 584. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnins.2016.00584">10.3389/fnins.2016.00584</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5186786">5186786</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28082858">28082858</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:7-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_2-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFMartiniOermannOpiePanov2020" class="citation journal cs1">Martini, Michael L.; Oermann, Eric Karl; Opie, Nicholas L.; Panov, Fedor; Oxley, Thomas; Yaeger, Kurt (February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.lww.com/neurosurgery/abstract/2020/02000/sensor_modalities_for_brain_computer_interface.22.aspx">"Sensor Modalities for Brain-Computer Interface Technology: A Comprehensive Literature Review"</a>. Neurosurgery. 86 (2): E108 – E117. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fneuros%2Fnyz286">10.1093/neuros/nyz286</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0148-396X">0148-396X</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31361011">31361011</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Vidal1-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vidal1_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vidal1_3-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFVidal1973" class="citation journal cs1">Vidal JJ (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.bb.02.060173.001105">"Toward direct brain-computer communication"</a>. Annual Review of Biophysics and Bioengineering. 2 (1): 157–180. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.bb.02.060173.001105">10.1146/annurev.bb.02.060173.001105</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4583653">4583653</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Vidal2-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vidal2_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vidal2_4-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFVidal1977" class="citation journal cs1">Vidal J (1977). "Real-Time Detection of Brain Events in EEG". Proceedings of the IEEE. 65 (5): 633–641. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FPROC.1977.10542">10.1109/PROC.1977.10542</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7928242">7928242</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLevineHugginsBeMentKushwaha2000" class="citation journal cs1">Levine SP, Huggins JE, BeMent SL, Kushwaha RK, Schuh LA, Rohde MM, et al. (June 2000). "A direct brain interface based on event-related potentials". IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering. 8 (2): 180–185. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F86.847809">10.1109/86.847809</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10896180">10896180</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFStraebelThoben2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Volker_Straebel" title="Volker Straebel">Straebel V</a>, Thoben W (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depositonce.tu-berlin.de//handle/11303/7085">"Alvin Lucier's music for solo performer: experimental music beyond sonification"</a>. Organised Sound. 19 (1): 17–29. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS135577181300037X">10.1017/S135577181300037X</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:62506825">62506825</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Wolpaw,_J.R_2012-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolpaw,_J.R_2012_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolpaw,_J.R_2012_7-1">b</a> Wolpaw, J.R. and Wolpaw, E.W. (2012). "Brain-Computer Interfaces: Something New Under the Sun". In: Brain-Computer Interfaces: Principles and Practice, Wolpaw, J.R. and Wolpaw (eds.), E.W. Oxford University Press.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWolpawBirbaumerMcFarlandPfurtscheller2002" class="citation journal cs1">Wolpaw JR, Birbaumer N, McFarland DJ, Pfurtscheller G, Vaughan TM (June 2002). "Brain-computer interfaces for communication and control". Clinical Neurophysiology. 113 (6): 767–791. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs1388-2457%2802%2900057-3">10.1016/s1388-2457(02)00057-3</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12048038">12048038</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17571592">17571592</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAllisonWolpawWolpaw2007" class="citation journal cs1">Allison BZ, Wolpaw EW, Wolpaw JR (July 2007). "Brain-computer interface systems: progress and prospects". Expert Review of Medical Devices. 4 (4): 463–474. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1586%2F17434440.4.4.463">10.1586/17434440.4.4.463</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17605682">17605682</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4690450">4690450</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Bozinovski1-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bozinovski1_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bozinovski1_10-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFBozinovskiBozinovska2019" class="citation journal cs1">Bozinovski S, Bozinovska L (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00051144.2019.1570644">"Brain-computer interface in Europe: The thirtieth anniversary"</a>. Automatika. 60 (1): 36–47. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00051144.2019.1570644">10.1080/00051144.2019.1570644</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFVidal1977" class="citation journal cs1">Vidal, Jacques J. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150719005915/http://web.cs.ucla.edu/~vidal/Real_Time_Detection.pdf">"Real-time detection of brain events in EEG"</a> (PDF). Proceedings of the IEEE. 65 (5): 633–641. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FPROC.1977.10542">10.1109/PROC.1977.10542</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7928242">7928242</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.cs.ucla.edu/~vidal/Real_Time_Detection.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 July 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> S. Bozinovski, M. Sestakov, L. Bozinovska: Using EEG alpha rhythm to control a mobile robot, In G. Harris, C. Walker (eds.) Proc. IEEE Annual Conference of Medical and Biological Society, p. 1515-1516, New Orleans, 1988

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> S. Bozinovski: Mobile robot trajectory control: From fixed rails to direct bioelectric control, In O. Kaynak (ed.) Proc. IEEE Workshop on Intelligent Motion Control, p. 63-67, Istanbul, 1990

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> M. Lebedev: Augmentation of sensorimotor functions with neural prostheses. Opera Medica and Physiologica. Vol. 2 (3): 211-227, 2016

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> M. Lebedev, M. Nicolelis: Brain-machine interfaces: from basic science to neuroprostheses and neurorehabilitation, Physiological Review 97:737-867, 2017

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> L. Bozinovska, G. Stojanov, M. Sestakov, S. Bozinovski: CNV pattern recognition: a step toward a cognitive wave observation, In L. Torres, E. Masgrau, E. Lagunas (eds.) Signal Processing V: Theories and Applications, Proc. EUSIPCO-90: Fifth European Signal Processing Conference, Elsevier, p. 1659-1662, Barcelona, 1990

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> L. Bozinovska, S. Bozinovski, G. Stojanov, Electroexpectogram: experimental design and algorithms, In Proc IEEE International Biomedical Engineering Days, p. 55-60, Istanbul, 1992

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMirandaCasebeerHeinJudy2015" class="citation journal cs1">Miranda RA, Casebeer WD, Hein AM, Judy JW, Krotkov EP, Laabs TL, et al. (April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jneumeth.2014.07.019">"DARPA-funded efforts in the development of novel brain-computer interface technologies"</a>. Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 244: 52–67. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jneumeth.2014.07.019">10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.07.019</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25107852">25107852</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14678623">14678623</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJacobsPremjiNelson2012" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobs M, Premji A, Nelson AJ (16 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362131">"Plasticity-inducing TMS protocols to investigate somatosensory control of hand function"</a>. Neural Plasticity. 2012: 350574. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2012%2F350574">10.1155/2012/350574</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362131">3362131</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22666612">22666612</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFox2016" class="citation web cs1">Fox, Maggie (13 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/brain-chip-helps-paralyzed-man-feel-his-fingers-n665881">"Brain Chip Helps Paralyzed Man Feel His Fingers"</a>. NBC News. Retrieved 23 March 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHatmaker2017" class="citation web cs1">Hatmaker, Taylor (10 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2017/07/10/darpa-nesd-grants-paradromics/">"DARPA awards $65 million to develop the perfect, tiny two-way brain-computer interface"</a>. Tech Crunch. Retrieved 23 March 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFStacey2017" class="citation news cs1">Stacey, Kevin (10 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brown.edu/news/2017-07-10/neurograins">"Brown to receive up to $19M to engineer next-generation brain-computer interface"</a>. Brown University. Retrieved 23 March 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.darpa.mil/news-events/2016-02-08">"Minimally Invasive "Stentrode" Shows Potential as Neural Interface for Brain"</a>. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). 8 February 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/cochlear-implants">"Cochlear Implants"</a>. <a href="National_Institute_on_Deafness_and_Other_Communication_Disorders" title="National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders">National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders</a>. February 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Miguel Nicolelis et al. (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dukemedicine.org/AboutUs/Facts_and_Statistics/historical_highlights/index/view">Duke neurobiologist has developed system that allows monkeys to control robot arms via brain signals</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219060005/http://www.dukemedicine.org/AboutUs/Facts_and_Statistics/historical_highlights/index/view">Archived</a> 19 December 2008 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBaum2008" class="citation web cs1">Baum M (6 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090910034547/http://www.chronicle.pitt.edu/?p=1478">"Monkey Uses Brain Power to Feed Itself With Robotic Arm"</a>. Pitt Chronicle. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chronicle.pitt.edu/?p=1478">the original</a> on 10 September 2009. Retrieved 6 July 2009.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLewis2020" class="citation web cs1">Lewis T (November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/elon-musks-pig-brain-implant-is-still-a-long-way-from-solving-paralysis/">"Elon Musk's Pig-Brain Implant Is Still a Long Way from 'Solving Paralysis'"</a>. <a href="Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>. Retrieved 23 March 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFShead2021" class="citation web cs1">Shead S (February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/01/elon-musk-neuralink-wires-up-monkey-to-play-video-games-using-mind.html">"Elon Musk says his start-up Neuralink has wired up a monkey to play video games using its mind"</a>. CNBC. Retrieved 23 March 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFetz1969" class="citation journal cs1">Fetz EE (February 1969). "Operant conditioning of cortical unit activity". Science. 163 (3870): 955–958. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969Sci...163..955F">1969Sci...163..955F</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.163.3870.955">10.1126/science.163.3870.955</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4974291">4974291</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45427819">45427819</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSchmidtMcIntoshDurelliBak1978" class="citation journal cs1">Schmidt EM, McIntosh JS, Durelli L, Bak MJ (September 1978). "Fine control of operantly conditioned firing patterns of cortical neurons". Experimental Neurology. 61 (2): 349–369. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0014-4886%2878%2990252-2">10.1016/0014-4886(78)90252-2</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/101388">101388</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37539476">37539476</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGeorgopoulosLuritoPetridesSchwartz1989" class="citation journal cs1">Georgopoulos AP, Lurito JT, Petrides M, Schwartz AB, Massey JT (January 1989). "Mental rotation of the neuronal population vector". Science. 243 (4888): 234–236. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Sci...243..234G">1989Sci...243..234G</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.2911737">10.1126/science.2911737</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2911737">2911737</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37161168">37161168</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFStanleyLiDan1999" class="citation journal cs1">Stanley GB, Li FF, Dan Y (September 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6782475">"Reconstruction of natural scenes from ensemble responses in the lateral geniculate nucleus"</a>. The Journal of Neuroscience. 19 (18): 8036–8042. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.19-18-08036.1999">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-18-08036.1999</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6782475">6782475</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10479703">10479703</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWessbergStambaughKralikBeck2000" class="citation journal cs1">Wessberg J, Stambaugh CR, Kralik JD, Beck PD, Laubach M, Chapin JK, et al. (November 2000). "Real-time prediction of hand trajectory by ensembles of cortical neurons in primates". Nature. 408 (6810): 361–365. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Natur.408..361W">2000Natur.408..361W</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35042582">10.1038/35042582</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11099043">11099043</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:795720">795720</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-carmena2003-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-carmena2003_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-carmena2003_34-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFCarmenaLebedevCristO'Doherty2003" class="citation journal cs1">Carmena JM, Lebedev MA, Crist RE, O'Doherty JE, Santucci DM, Dimitrov DF, et al. (November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC261882">"Learning to control a brain-machine interface for reaching and grasping by primates"</a>. PLOS Biology. 1 (2): E42. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0000042">10.1371/journal.pbio.0000042</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC261882">261882</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14624244">14624244</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-lebedev2005-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lebedev2005_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lebedev2005_35-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFLebedevCarmenaO'DohertyZacksenhouse2005" class="citation journal cs1">Lebedev MA, Carmena JM, O'Doherty JE, Zacksenhouse M, Henriquez CS, Principe JC, Nicolelis MA (May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6724781">"Cortical ensemble adaptation to represent velocity of an artificial actuator controlled by a brain-machine interface"</a>. The Journal of Neuroscience. 25 (19): 4681–4693. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.4088-04.2005">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4088-04.2005</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6724781">6724781</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15888644">15888644</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Odoherty2003-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Odoherty2003_36-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFO'DohertyLebedevIfftZhuang2011" class="citation journal cs1">O'Doherty JE, Lebedev MA, Ifft PJ, Zhuang KZ, Shokur S, Bleuler H, Nicolelis MA (October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3236080">"Active tactile exploration using a brain-machine-brain interface"</a>. Nature. 479 (7372): 228–231. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Natur.479..228O">2011Natur.479..228O</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10489">10.1038/nature10489</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3236080">3236080</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21976021">21976021</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSerruyaHatsopoulosPaninskiFellows2002" class="citation journal cs1">Serruya MD, Hatsopoulos NG, Paninski L, Fellows MR, Donoghue JP (March 2002). "Instant neural control of a movement signal". Nature. 416 (6877): 141–142. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Natur.416..141S">2002Natur.416..141S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F416141a">10.1038/416141a</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11894084">11894084</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4383116">4383116</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTaylorTillerySchwartz2002" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor DM, Tillery SI, Schwartz AB (June 2002). "Direct cortical control of 3D neuroprosthetic devices". Science. 296 (5574): 1829–1832. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Sci...296.1829T">2002Sci...296.1829T</a>. <a href="CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.1027.4335">10.1.1.1027.4335</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1070291">10.1126/science.1070291</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12052948">12052948</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9402759">9402759</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pittsburghlive.com:8000/x/tribunereview/s_469059.html">Pitt team to build on brain-controlled arm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070704125118/http://www.pittsburghlive.com:8000/x/tribunereview/s_469059.html">Archived</a> 4 July 2007 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Pittsburgh Tribune Review, 5 September 2006.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wxIgdOlT2cY">Video</a> on <a href="YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFVellistePerelSpaldingWhitford2008" class="citation journal cs1">Velliste M, Perel S, Spalding MC, Whitford AS, Schwartz AB (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/891045">"Cortical control of a prosthetic arm for self-feeding"</a>. Nature. 453 (7198): 1098–1101. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Natur.453.1098V">2008Natur.453.1098V</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature06996">10.1038/nature06996</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18509337">18509337</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4404323">4404323</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMusallamCorneilGregerScherberger2004" class="citation journal cs1">Musallam S, Corneil BD, Greger B, Scherberger H, Andersen RA (July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20141121-110153014">"Cognitive control signals for neural prosthetics"</a>. Science. 305 (5681): 258–262. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Sci...305..258M">2004Sci...305..258M</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1097938">10.1126/science.1097938</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15247483">15247483</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3112034">3112034</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSantucciKralikLebedevNicolelis2005" class="citation journal cs1">Santucci DM, Kralik JD, Lebedev MA, Nicolelis MA (September 2005). "Frontal and parietal cortical ensembles predict single-trial muscle activity during reaching movements in primates". The European Journal of Neuroscience. 22 (6): 1529–1540. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1460-9568.2005.04320.x">10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04320.x</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16190906">16190906</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31277881">31277881</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAnumanchipalliChartierChang2019" class="citation journal cs1">Anumanchipalli GK, Chartier J, Chang EF (April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9714519">"Speech synthesis from neural decoding of spoken sentences"</a>. Nature. 568 (7753): 493–498. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Natur.568..493A">2019Natur.568..493A</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1119-1">10.1038/s41586-019-1119-1</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9714519">9714519</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31019317">31019317</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129946122">129946122</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPandarinathAli2019" class="citation journal cs1">Pandarinath C, Ali YH (April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-019-01181-y">"Brain implants that let you speak your mind"</a>. Nature. 568 (7753): 466–467. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Natur.568..466P">2019Natur.568..466P</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-019-01181-y">10.1038/d41586-019-01181-y</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31019323">31019323</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Neuroprosthesis_for_Decoding_Speech2-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Neuroprosthesis_for_Decoding_Speech2_46-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMosesMetzgerLiuAnumanchipalli2021" class="citation journal cs1">Moses DA, Metzger SL, Liu JR, Anumanchipalli GK, Makin JG, Sun PF, et al. (July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8972947">"Neuroprosthesis for Decoding Speech in a Paralyzed Person with Anarthria"</a>. The New England Journal of Medicine. 385 (3): 217–227. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa2027540">10.1056/NEJMoa2027540</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8972947">8972947</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34260835">34260835</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235907121">235907121</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Belluck, Pam (14 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/14/health/speech-brain-implant-computer.html">"Tapping Into the Brain to Help a Paralyzed Man Speak"</a>. The New York Times.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.neurotechcenter.org/publications/2010/using-bci2000-bci-research">"Using BCI2000 in BCI Research"</a>. National Center for Adaptive Neurotechnology. Retrieved 5 December 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHuberPetreanuGhitaniRanade2008" class="citation journal cs1">Huber D, Petreanu L, Ghitani N, Ranade S, Hromádka T, Mainen Z, <a href="Karel_Svoboda_(scientist)" title="Karel Svoboda (scientist)">Svoboda K</a> (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3425380">"Sparse optical microstimulation in barrel cortex drives learned behaviour in freely moving mice"</a>. Nature. 451 (7174): 61–64. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Natur.451...61H">2008Natur.451...61H</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature06445">10.1038/nature06445</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3425380">3425380</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18094685">18094685</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNicolelisLebedev2009" class="citation journal cs1">Nicolelis MA, Lebedev MA (July 2009). "Principles of neural ensemble physiology underlying the operation of brain-machine interfaces". Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. 10 (7): 530–540. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrn2653">10.1038/nrn2653</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19543222">19543222</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9290258">9290258</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_51-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFZanderKothe2011" class="citation journal cs1">Zander TO, Kothe C (April 2011). "Towards passive brain-computer interfaces: applying brain-computer interface technology to human-machine systems in general". Journal of Neural Engineering. 8 (2): 025005. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JNEng...8b5005Z">2011JNEng...8b5005Z</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1741-2560%2F8%2F2%2F025005">10.1088/1741-2560/8/2/025005</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21436512">21436512</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37168897">37168897</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRichardsonGhenbotLiuHao2019" class="citation journal cs1">Richardson AG, Ghenbot Y, Liu X, Hao H, Rinehart C, DeLuccia S, et al. (August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6717311">"Learning active sensing strategies using a sensory brain-machine interface"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 116 (35): 17509–17514. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PNAS..11617509R">2019PNAS..11617509R</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1909953116">10.1073/pnas.1909953116</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6717311">6717311</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31409713">31409713</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAbdulkaderAtiaMostafa2015" class="citation journal cs1">Abdulkader SN, Atia A, Mostafa MS (July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.eij.2015.06.002">"Brain computer interfacing: Applications and challenges"</a>. Egyptian Informatics Journal. 16 (2): 213–230. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.eij.2015.06.002">10.1016/j.eij.2015.06.002</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1110-8665">1110-8665</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPolikovTrescoReichert2005" class="citation journal cs1">Polikov VS, Tresco PA, Reichert WM (October 2005). "Response of brain tissue to chronically implanted neural electrodes". Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 148 (1): 1–18. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jneumeth.2005.08.015">10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.08.015</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16198003">16198003</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11248506">11248506</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/10.09/vision.html">"Vision quest"</a>. <a href="Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a>. (September 2002).

</li>

<li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKotler" class="citation news cs1">Kotler S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2002/09/vision/">"Vision Quest"</a>. Wired. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028">1059-1028</a>. Retrieved 10 November 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTuller2004" class="citation web cs1">Tuller D (1 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/01/obituaries/01dobelle.html">"Dr. William Dobelle, Artificial Vision Pioneer, Dies at 62"</a>. The New York Times.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Naumann,_2012-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Naumann,_2012_58-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNaumann2012" class="citation book cs1">Naumann J (2012). Search for Paradise: A Patient's Account of the Artificial Vision Experiment. Xlibris. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4797-0920-5</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFnurun.com2012" class="citation web cs1">nurun.com (28 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thewhig.com/2012/11/28/mans-high-tech-paradise-lost">"Mr. Jen Naumann's high-tech paradise lost"</a>. thewhig. Thewhig.com. Retrieved 19 December 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKennedyBakay1998" class="citation journal cs1">Kennedy PR, Bakay RA (June 1998). "Restoration of neural output from a paralyzed patient by a direct brain connection". NeuroReport. 9 (8): 1707–1711. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00001756-199806010-00007">10.1097/00001756-199806010-00007</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9665587">9665587</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5681602">5681602</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHochbergSerruyaFriehsMukand2006" class="citation journal cs1">Hochberg LR, Serruya MD, Friehs GM, Mukand JA, Saleh M, Caplan AH, et al. (July 2006). "Neuronal ensemble control of prosthetic devices by a human with tetraplegia". Nature. 442 (7099). Gerhard M. Friehs, Jon A. Mukand, Maryam Saleh, Abraham H. Caplan, Almut Branner, David Chen, Richard D. Penn and John P. Donoghue: 164–171. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.442..164H">2006Natur.442..164H</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04970">10.1038/nature04970</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16838014">16838014</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4347367">4347367</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMartins_Iduwe" class="citation web cs1">Martins Iduwe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/32267156">"Brain Computer Interface"</a>. Academia.edu. Retrieved 5 December 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHochbergBacherJarosiewiczMasse2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hochberg LR, Bacher D, Jarosiewicz B, Masse NY, Simeral JD, Vogel J, et al. (May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3640850">"Reach and grasp by people with tetraplegia using a neurally controlled robotic arm"</a>. Nature. 485 (7398): 372–375. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Natur.485..372H">2012Natur.485..372H</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature11076">10.1038/nature11076</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3640850">3640850</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22596161">22596161</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCollingerWodlingerDowneyWang2013" class="citation journal cs1">Collinger JL, Wodlinger B, Downey JE, Wang W, Tyler-Kabara EC, Weber DJ, et al. (February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3641862">"High-performance neuroprosthetic control by an individual with tetraplegia"</a>. Lancet. 381 (9866): 557–564. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2812%2961816-9">10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61816-9</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3641862">3641862</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23253623">23253623</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWillettAvansinoHochbergHenderson2021" class="citation journal cs1">Willett FR, Avansino DT, Hochberg LR, Henderson JM, Shenoy KV (May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8163299">"High-performance brain-to-text communication via handwriting"</a>. Nature. 593 (7858): 249–254. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Natur.593..249W">2021Natur.593..249W</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-021-03506-2">10.1038/s41586-021-03506-2</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8163299">8163299</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33981047">33981047</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWillett2021" class="citation book cs1">Willett FR (2021). "A High-Performance Handwriting BCI". In Guger C, Allison BZ, Gunduz A (eds.). Brain-Computer Interface Research: A State-of-the-Art Summary 10. SpringerBriefs in Electrical and Computer Engineering. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 105–109. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-79287-9_11">10.1007/978-3-030-79287-9_11</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-030-79287-9</bdi>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239736609">239736609</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMosesMetzgerLiuAnumanchipalli2021" class="citation journal cs1">Moses, David A.; Metzger, Sean L.; Liu, Jessie R.; Anumanchipalli, Gopala K.; Makin, Joseph G.; Sun, Pengfei F.; Chartier, Josh; Dougherty, Maximilian E.; Liu, Patricia M.; Abrams, Gary M.; Tu-Chan, Adelyn; Ganguly, Karunesh; Chang, Edward F. (14 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8972947">"Neuroprosthesis for Decoding Speech in a Paralyzed Person with Anarthria"</a>. New England Journal of Medicine. 385 (3): 217–227. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa2027540">10.1056/NEJMoa2027540</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4793">0028-4793</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8972947">8972947</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34260835">34260835</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMaiseliAbdallaMassaweMbise2023" class="citation journal cs1">Maiseli, Baraka; Abdalla, Abdi T.; Massawe, Libe V.; Mbise, Mercy; Mkocha, Khadija; Nassor, Nassor Ally; Ismail, Moses; Michael, James; Kimambo, Samwel (4 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10403483">"Brain–computer interface: trend, challenges, and threats"</a>. Brain Informatics. 10 (1): 20. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40708-023-00199-3">10.1186/s40708-023-00199-3</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2198-4026">2198-4026</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10403483">10403483</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37540385">37540385</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMatsiko2024" class="citation journal cs1">Matsiko, Amos (21 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scirobotics.ads4122">"Bilingual speech neuroprosthesis"</a>. Science Robotics. 9 (93): eads4122. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscirobotics.ads4122">10.1126/scirobotics.ads4122</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSilvaLiuMetzgerBhaya-Grossman2024" class="citation journal cs1">Silva, Alexander B.; Liu, Jessie R.; Metzger, Sean L.; Bhaya-Grossman, Ilina; Dougherty, Maximilian E.; Seaton, Margaret P.; Littlejohn, Kaylo T.; Tu-Chan, Adelyn; Ganguly, Karunesh; Moses, David A.; Chang, Edward F. (August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11554235">"A bilingual speech neuroprosthesis driven by cortical articulatory representations shared between languages"</a>. Nature Biomedical Engineering. 8 (8): 977–991. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41551-024-01207-5">10.1038/s41551-024-01207-5</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2157-846X">2157-846X</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11554235">11554235</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38769157">38769157</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/bilingual-ai-brain-implant-spanish-english-stroke-patient-rcna154295">"Bilingual AI brain implant helps stroke survivor communicate in Spanish and English"</a>. NBC News. 28 May 2024. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:5-72"><a href="#cite_ref-:5_72-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPandarinathBensmaia2021" class="citation journal cs1">Pandarinath C, Bensmaia SJ (September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8742729">"The science and engineering behind sensitized brain-controlled bionic hands"</a>. Physiological Reviews. 102 (2): 551–604. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fphysrev.00034.2020">10.1152/physrev.00034.2020</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8742729">8742729</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34541898">34541898</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237574228">237574228</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWillettKunzFanAvansino2023" class="citation journal cs1">Willett, Francis R.; Kunz, Erin M.; Fan, Chaofei; Avansino, Donald T.; Wilson, Guy H.; Choi, Eun Young; Kamdar, Foram; Glasser, Matthew F.; Hochberg, Leigh R.; Druckmann, Shaul; Shenoy, Krishna V.; Henderson, Jaimie M. (23 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10468393">"A high-performance speech neuroprosthesis"</a>. Nature. 620 (7976): 1031–1036. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023Natur.620.1031W">2023Natur.620.1031W</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-023-06377-x">10.1038/s41586-023-06377-x</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10468393">10468393</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37612500">37612500</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMetzgerLittlejohnSilvaMoses2023" class="citation journal cs1">Metzger, Sean L.; Littlejohn, Kaylo T.; Silva, Alexander B.; Moses, David A.; Seaton, Margaret P.; Wang, Ran; Dougherty, Maximilian E.; Liu, Jessie R.; Wu, Peter; Berger, Michael A.; Zhuravleva, Inga; Tu-Chan, Adelyn; Ganguly, Karunesh; Anumanchipalli, Gopala K.; Chang, Edward F. (23 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10826467">"A high-performance neuroprosthesis for speech decoding and avatar control"</a>. Nature. 620 (7976): 1037–1046. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023Natur.620.1037M">2023Natur.620.1037M</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-023-06443-4">10.1038/s41586-023-06443-4</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10826467">10826467</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37612505">37612505</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:261098775">261098775</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNaddaf2023" class="citation journal cs1">Naddaf, Miryam (23 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-02682-7">"Brain-reading devices allow paralysed people to talk using their thoughts"</a>. Nature. 620 (7976): 930–931. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023Natur.620..930N">2023Natur.620..930N</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-023-02682-7">10.1038/d41586-023-02682-7</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37612493">37612493</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:261099321">261099321</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFZhangTangLiuVan_der_Spiegel2020" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang M, Tang Z, Liu X, Van der Spiegel J (April 2020). "Electronic neural interfaces". Nature Electronics. 3 (4): 191–200. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41928-020-0390-3">10.1038/s41928-020-0390-3</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2520-1131">2520-1131</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216508360">216508360</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHodgkinHuxley1952" class="citation journal cs1">Hodgkin AL, Huxley AF (August 1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1392413">"A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve"</a>. The Journal of Physiology. 117 (4): 500–544. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1113%2Fjphysiol.1952.sp004764">10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004764</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1392413">1392413</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12991237">12991237</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Revealing_neuronal_function_through-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Revealing_neuronal_function_through_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Revealing_neuronal_function_through_78-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFObienDeligkarisBullmannBakkum2015" class="citation journal cs1">Obien ME, Deligkaris K, Bullmann T, Bakkum DJ, Frey U (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4285113">"Revealing neuronal function through microelectrode array recordings"</a>. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 8: 423. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnins.2014.00423">10.3389/fnins.2014.00423</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4285113">4285113</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25610364">25610364</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:8-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_79-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFHarrison2008" class="citation journal cs1">Harrison RR (July 2008). "The Design of Integrated Circuits to Observe Brain Activity". Proceedings of the IEEE. 96 (7): 1203–1216. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJPROC.2008.922581">10.1109/JPROC.2008.922581</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1558-2256">1558-2256</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7020369">7020369</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHaciLiuGhoreishizadehConstandinou2020" class="citation book cs1">Haci D, Liu Y, Ghoreishizadeh SS, Constandinou TG (February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10090175/">"Key Considerations for Power Management in Active Implantable Medical Devices"</a>. 2020 IEEE 11th Latin American Symposium on Circuits & Systems (LASCAS). pp. 1–4. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FLASCAS45839.2020.9069004">10.1109/LASCAS45839.2020.9069004</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-7281-3427-7</bdi>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:215817530">215817530</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDowneySchwedChaseSchwartz2018" class="citation journal cs1">Downey JE, Schwed N, Chase SM, Schwartz AB, Collinger JL (August 2018). "Intracortical recording stability in human brain-computer interface users". Journal of Neural Engineering. 15 (4): 046016. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JNEng..15d6016D">2018JNEng..15d6016D</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1741-2552%2Faab7a0">10.1088/1741-2552/aab7a0</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29553484">29553484</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3961913">3961913</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSzostakGrandConstandinou2017" class="citation journal cs1">Szostak KM, Grand L, Constandinou TG (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5725438">"Neural Interfaces for Intracortical Recording: Requirements, Fabrication Methods, and Characteristics"</a>. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 11: 665. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnins.2017.00665">10.3389/fnins.2017.00665</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5725438">5725438</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29270103">29270103</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:10-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_83-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFSaxenaKarumbaiahGauppPatkar2013" class="citation journal cs1">Saxena T, Karumbaiah L, Gaupp EA, Patkar R, Patil K, Betancur M, et al. (July 2013). "The impact of chronic blood-brain barrier breach on intracortical electrode function". Biomaterials. 34 (20): 4703–4713. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biomaterials.2013.03.007">10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.03.007</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23562053">23562053</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNoltaChristensenCraneSkousen2015" class="citation journal cs1">Nolta NF, Christensen MB, Crane PD, Skousen JL, Tresco PA (1 June 2015). "BBB leakage, astrogliosis, and tissue loss correlate with silicon microelectrode array recording performance". Biomaterials. 53: 753–762. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biomaterials.2015.02.081">10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.02.081</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25890770">25890770</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRobinsonPohlmeyerGatherKemere2019" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson JT, Pohlmeyer E, Gather MC, Kemere C, Kitching JE, Malliaras GG, et al. (November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7047830">"Developing Next-generation Brain Sensing Technologies - A Review"</a>. IEEE Sensors Journal. 19 (22): 10163–10175. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJSEN.2019.2931159">10.1109/JSEN.2019.2931159</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7047830">7047830</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32116472">32116472</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLuanWeiZhaoSiegel2017" class="citation journal cs1">Luan L, Wei X, Zhao Z, Siegel JJ, Potnis O, Tuppen CA, et al. (February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5310823">"Ultraflexible nanoelectronic probes form reliable, glial scar-free neural integration"</a>. Science Advances. 3 (2): e1601966. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SciA....3E1966L">2017SciA....3E1966L</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.1601966">10.1126/sciadv.1601966</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5310823">5310823</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28246640">28246640</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFrankAntoniniAnikeeva2019" class="citation journal cs1">Frank JA, Antonini MJ, Anikeeva P (September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7243676">"Next-generation interfaces for studying neural function"</a>. Nature Biotechnology. 37 (9): 1013–1023. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41587-019-0198-8">10.1038/s41587-019-0198-8</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7243676">7243676</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31406326">31406326</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:9-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_88-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFHongViverosZwangYang2018" class="citation journal cs1">Hong G, Viveros RD, Zwang TJ, Yang X, Lieber CM (July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6039269">"Tissue-like Neural Probes for Understanding and Modulating the Brain"</a>. Biochemistry. 57 (27): 3995–4004. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.biochem.8b00122">10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00122</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6039269">6039269</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29529359">29529359</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFViverosZhouHongFu2019" class="citation journal cs1">Viveros RD, Zhou T, Hong G, Fu TM, Lin HG, Lieber CM (June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6565464">"Advanced One- and Two-Dimensional Mesh Designs for Injectable Electronics"</a>. Nano Letters. 19 (6): 4180–4187. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NanoL..19.4180V">2019NanoL..19.4180V</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.nanolett.9b01727">10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01727</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6565464">6565464</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31075202">31075202</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-robust_neuroprosthetic-90"><a href="#cite_ref-robust_neuroprosthetic_90-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGulatiWonRamanathanWong2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gulati T, Won SJ, Ramanathan DS, Wong CC, Bodepudi A, Swanson RA, Ganguly K (June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6605327">"Robust neuroprosthetic control from the stroke perilesional cortex"</a>. The Journal of Neuroscience. 35 (22): 8653–8661. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.5007-14.2015">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5007-14.2015</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6605327">6605327</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26041930">26041930</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSoldozyYoungKumarCapek2020" class="citation journal cs1">Soldozy S, Young S, Kumar JS, Capek S, Felbaum DR, Jean WC, et al. (July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3171%2F2020.4.FOCUS20186">"A systematic review of endovascular stent-electrode arrays, a minimally invasive approach to brain-machine interfaces"</a>. Neurosurgical Focus. 49 (1): E3. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3171%2F2020.4.FOCUS20186">10.3171/2020.4.FOCUS20186</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32610291">32610291</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220308983">220308983</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:4-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_92-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFOpie2021" class="citation book cs1">Opie N (2021). "The StentrodeTM Neural Interface System". In Guger C, Allison BZ, Tangermann M (eds.). Brain-Computer Interface Research. SpringerBriefs in Electrical and Computer Engineering. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 127–132. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-60460-8_13">10.1007/978-3-030-60460-8_13</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-030-60460-8</bdi>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234102889">234102889</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTelebCziepLazzaroGheith2014" class="citation journal cs1">Teleb MS, Cziep ME, Lazzaro MA, Gheith A, Asif K, Remler B, Zaidat OO (May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4080637">"Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension. A Systematic Analysis of Transverse Sinus Stenting"</a>. Interventional Neurology. 2 (3): 132–143. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000357503">10.1159/000357503</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4080637">4080637</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24999351">24999351</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBryson2020" class="citation web cs1">Bryson S (5 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alsnewstoday.com/news-posts/2020/11/05/stentrode-device-allows-computer-control-by-als-patients-with-partial-upper-limb-paralysis">"Stentrode Device Allows Computer Control by ALS Patients with Partial Upper Limb Paralysis"</a>. ALS News Today.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLanese2023" class="citation news cs1">Lanese, Nicoletta (12 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/brain-computer-interface-through-vein-safety">"New 'thought-controlled' device reads brain activity through the jugular"</a>. livescience.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230216220922/https://www.livescience.com/brain-computer-interface-through-vein-safety">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMitchellLeeYooMorokoff2023" class="citation journal cs1">Mitchell, Peter; Lee, Sarah C. M.; Yoo, Peter E.; Morokoff, Andrew; Sharma, Rahul P.; Williams, Daryl L.; MacIsaac, Christopher; Howard, Mark E.; Irving, Lou; Vrljic, Ivan; Williams, Cameron; Bush, Steven; Balabanski, Anna H.; Drummond, Katharine J.; Desmond, Patricia; Weber, Douglas; Denison, Timothy; Mathers, Susan; O'Brien, Terence J.; Mocco, J.; Grayden, David B.; Liebeskind, David S.; Opie, Nicholas L.; Oxley, Thomas J.; Campbell, Bruce C. V. (9 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9857731">"Assessment of Safety of a Fully Implanted Endovascular Brain-Computer Interface for Severe Paralysis in 4 Patients: The Stentrode With Thought-Controlled Digital Switch (SWITCH) Study"</a>. JAMA Neurology. 80 (3): 270–278. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjamaneurol.2022.4847">10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.4847</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2168-6149">2168-6149</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9857731">9857731</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36622685">36622685</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:255545643">255545643</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSerruyaDonoghue2004" class="citation book cs1">Serruya M, Donoghue J (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050404155139/http://donoghue.neuro.brown.edu/pubs/2003-SerruyaDonoghue-Chap3-preprint.pdf">"Chapter III: Design Principles of a Neuromotor Prosthetic Device"</a> (PDF). In Horch KW, Dhillon GS (eds.). Neuroprosthetics: Theory and Practice. Imperial College Press. pp. 1158–1196. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2F9789812561763_0040">10.1142/9789812561763_0040</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://donoghue.neuro.brown.edu/pubs/2003-SerruyaDonoghue-Chap3-preprint.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 April 2005.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news-info.wustl.edu/news/page/normal/7800.html">"Teenager moves video icons just by imagination"</a>. Press release. Washington University in St Louis. 9 October 2006.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSchalkMillerAndersonWilson2008" class="citation journal cs1">Schalk G, Miller KJ, Anderson NR, Wilson JA, Smyth MD, Ojemann JG, et al. (March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2744037">"Two-dimensional movement control using electrocorticographic signals in humans"</a>. Journal of Neural Engineering. 5 (1): 75–84. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JNEng...5...75S">2008JNEng...5...75S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1741-2560%2F5%2F1%2F008">10.1088/1741-2560/5/1/008</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2744037">2744037</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18310813">18310813</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNicolas-AlonsoGomez-Gil2012" class="citation journal cs1">Nicolas-Alonso LF, Gomez-Gil J (31 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3304110">"Brain computer interfaces, a review"</a>. Sensors. 12 (2): 1211–1279. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Senso..12.1211N">2012Senso..12.1211N</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fs120201211">10.3390/s120201211</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3304110">3304110</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22438708">22438708</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Mondeofuse-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Mondeofuse_102-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFYanagisawa2011" class="citation news cs1">Yanagisawa T (2011). "Electrocorticographic Control of Prosthetic Arm in Paralyzed Patients". <a href="American_Neurological_Association" title="American Neurological Association">American Neurological Association</a>. Vol. 71, no. 3. pp. 353–361. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fana.22613">10.1002/ana.22613</a>. <q>ECoG- Based BCI has advantage in signal and durability that are absolutely necessary for clinical application</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-TelepathicCommVowel-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TelepathicCommVowel_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TelepathicCommVowel_103-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFPei2011" class="citation news cs1">Pei X (2011). "Decoding Vowels and Consonants in Spoken and Imagined Words Using Electrocorticographic Signals in Humans". J Neural Eng 046028th ser. 8.4. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21750369">21750369</a>. <q>Justin Williams, a biomedical engineer at the university, has already transformed the ECoG implant into a micro device that can be installed with a minimum of fuss. It has been tested in animals for a long period of time – the micro ECoG stays in place and doesn't seem to negatively affect the immune system.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMakinMosesChang2021" class="citation book cs1">Makin JG, Moses DA, Chang EF (2021). "Speech Decoding as Machine Translation". In Guger C, Allison BZ, Gunduz A (eds.). Brain-Computer Interface Research. SpringerBriefs in Electrical and Computer Engineering. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 23–33. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-79287-9_3">10.1007/978-3-030-79287-9_3</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-030-79287-9</bdi>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239756345">239756345</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMakinMosesChang2020" class="citation journal cs1">Makin JG, Moses DA, Chang EF (April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10560395">"Machine translation of cortical activity to text with an encoder-decoder framework"</a>. Nature Neuroscience. 23 (4): 575–582. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41593-020-0608-8">10.1038/s41593-020-0608-8</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10560395">10560395</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32231340">32231340</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214704481">214704481</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGallegos-AyalaFurdeaTakanoRuf2014" class="citation journal cs1">Gallegos-Ayala G, Furdea A, Takano K, Ruf CA, Flor H, Birbaumer N (May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4049706">"Brain communication in a completely locked-in patient using bedside near-infrared spectroscopy"</a>. Neurology. 82 (21): 1930–1932. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1212%2FWNL.0000000000000449">10.1212/WNL.0000000000000449</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4049706">4049706</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24789862">24789862</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Vidal 1977

</li>

<li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Bozinovska et al. 1988, 1990

</li>

<li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Bozinovski et al. 1988

</li>

<li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Farwell and Donchin, 1988

</li>

<li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWinters2003" class="citation magazine cs1">Winters, Jeffrey (May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200307/communicating-brain-waves">"Communicating by Brain Waves"</a>. Psychology Today.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Adrijan Bozinovski "CNV flip-flop as a brain-computer interface paradigm" In J. Kern, S. Tonkovic, et al. (Eds) Proc 7th Conference of the Croatian Association of Medical Informatics, pp. 149-154, Rijeka, 2005

</li>

<li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBozinovskiBozinovska2009" class="citation conference cs1">Bozinovski, Adrijan; Bozinovska, Liljana (2009). Anticipatory brain potentials in a Brain-Robot Interface paradigm. 2009 4th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering. IEEE. pp. 451–454. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fner.2009.5109330">10.1109/ner.2009.5109330</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBožinovskiTonkovićIšgumBožinovska2011" class="citation journal cs1">Božinovski, Adrijan; Tonković, Stanko; Išgum, Velimir; Božinovska, Liljana (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00051144.2011.11828400">"Robot Control Using Anticipatory Brain Potentials"</a>. Automatika. 52 (1): 20–30. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00051144.2011.11828400">10.1080/00051144.2011.11828400</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33223634">33223634</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBozinovskiBozinovski2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bozinovski, Stevo; Bozinovski, Adrijan (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Ftamd.2014.2387271">"Mental States, EEG Manifestations, and Mentally Emulated Digital Circuits for Brain-Robot Interaction"</a>. IEEE Transactions on Autonomous Mental Development. 7 (1). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): 39–51. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Ftamd.2014.2387271">10.1109/tamd.2014.2387271</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1943-0604">1943-0604</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21464338">21464338</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFYuanLiuSzarkowskiRios2010" class="citation journal cs1">Yuan H, Liu T, Szarkowski R, Rios C, Ashe J, He B (February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2818527">"Negative covariation between task-related responses in alpha/beta-band activity and BOLD in human sensorimotor cortex: an EEG and fMRI study of motor imagery and movements"</a>. NeuroImage. 49 (3): 2596–2606. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuroimage.2009.10.028">10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.10.028</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2818527">2818527</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19850134">19850134</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDoudLucasPisanskyHe2011" class="citation journal cs1">Doud AJ, Lucas JP, Pisansky MT, He B (2011). Gribble PL (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3202533">"Continuous three-dimensional control of a virtual helicopter using a motor imagery based brain-computer interface"</a>. PLOS ONE. 6 (10): e26322. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PLoSO...626322D">2011PLoSO...626322D</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0026322">10.1371/journal.pone.0026322</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3202533">3202533</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22046274">22046274</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-22764978">"Thought-guided helicopter takes off"</a>. BBC News. 5 June 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFQinDingHe2004" class="citation journal cs1">Qin L, Ding L, He B (September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1945182">"Motor imagery classification by means of source analysis for brain-computer interface applications"</a>. Journal of Neural Engineering. 1 (3): 135–141. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JNEng...1..135Q">2004JNEng...1..135Q</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1741-2560%2F1%2F3%2F002">10.1088/1741-2560/1/3/002</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1945182">1945182</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15876632">15876632</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHöhneHolzStaiger-SälzerMüller2014" class="citation journal cs1">Höhne J, Holz E, Staiger-Sälzer P, <a href="Klaus-Robert_M%C3%BCller" title="Klaus-Robert Müller">Müller KR</a>, Kübler A, Tangermann M (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4146550">"Motor imagery for severely motor-impaired patients: evidence for brain-computer interfacing as superior control solution"</a>. PLOS ONE. 9 (8): e104854. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...9j4854H">2014PLoSO...9j4854H</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0104854">10.1371/journal.pone.0104854</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4146550">4146550</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25162231">25162231</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBirdFariaMansoEkárt2019" class="citation journal cs1">Bird JJ, Faria DR, Manso LJ, Ekárt A, Buckingham CD (13 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2019%2F4316548">"A Deep Evolutionary Approach to Bioinspired Classifier Optimisation for Brain-Machine Interaction"</a>. Complexity. 2019. Hindawi Limited: 1–14. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.04784">1908.04784</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2019%2F4316548">10.1155/2019/4316548</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1076-2787">1076-2787</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMansourAngNairPhua2022" class="citation journal cs1">Mansour S, Ang KK, Nair KP, Phua KS, Arvaneh M (January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8619716">"Efficacy of Brain-Computer Interface and the Impact of Its Design Characteristics on Poststroke Upper-limb Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials"</a>. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience. 53 (1): 79–90. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F15500594211009065">10.1177/15500594211009065</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8619716">8619716</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33913351">33913351</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233446181">233446181</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBaniquedStanyerAwaisAlazmani2021" class="citation journal cs1">Baniqued PD, Stanyer EC, Awais M, Alazmani A, Jackson AE, Mon-Williams MA, et al. (January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7825186">"Brain-computer interface robotics for hand rehabilitation after stroke: a systematic review"</a>. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation. 18 (1) 15. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12984-021-00820-8">10.1186/s12984-021-00820-8</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7825186">7825186</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33485365">33485365</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTaheriKnightSmith1994" class="citation journal cs1">Taheri BA, Knight RT, Smith RL (May 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1253862">"A dry electrode for EEG recording"</a>. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 90 (5): 376–383. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0013-4694%2894%2990053-1">10.1016/0013-4694(94)90053-1</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7514984">7514984</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAlizadeh-Taheri1994" class="citation thesis cs1">Alizadeh-Taheri B (1994). Active Micromachined Scalp Electrode Array for Eeg Signal Recording (PHD Thesis thesis). p. 82. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994PhDT........82A">1994PhDT........82A</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHockenberry2001" class="citation magazine cs1">Hockenberry, John (August 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/9.08/assist_pr.html">"The Next Brainiacs"</a>. Wired. Vol. 9, no. 8.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLinKoChangWang2009" class="citation cs2">Lin CT, Ko LW, Chang CJ, Wang YT, Chung CH, Yang FS, et al. (2009), "Wearable and Wireless Brain-Computer Interface and Its Applications", Foundations of Augmented Cognition. Neuroergonomics and Operational Neuroscience, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 5638, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 741–748, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-02812-0_84">10.1007/978-3-642-02812-0_84</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-642-02811-3</bdi>, <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14515754">14515754</a></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:1-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_128-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_128-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_128-3">d</a> <cite id="CITEREFWangWangJung2011" class="citation journal cs1">Wang YT, Wang Y, Jung TP (April 2011). "A cell-phone-based brain-computer interface for communication in daily life". Journal of Neural Engineering. 8 (2): 025018. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JNEng...8b5018W">2011JNEng...8b5018W</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1741-2560%2F8%2F2%2F025018">10.1088/1741-2560/8/2/025018</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21436517">21436517</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10943518">10943518</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGugerAllisonGroßwindhagerPrückl2012" class="citation journal cs1">Guger C, Allison BZ, Großwindhager B, Prückl R, Hintermüller C, Kapeller C, et al. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3500831">"How Many People Could Use an SSVEP BCI?"</a>. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 6: 169. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnins.2012.00169">10.3389/fnins.2012.00169</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3500831">3500831</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23181009">23181009</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:2-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_130-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFLinWangJung2013" class="citation book cs1">Lin YP, Wang Y, Jung TP (2013). "A mobile SSVEP-based brain-computer interface for freely moving humans: The robustness of canonical correlation analysis to motion artifacts". 2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). Vol. 2013. pp. 1350–1353. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FEMBC.2013.6609759">10.1109/EMBC.2013.6609759</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4577-0216-7</bdi>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24109946">24109946</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23136360">23136360</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRashidSulaimanAbdul_MajeedMusa2020" class="citation journal cs1">Rashid M, Sulaiman N, Abdul Majeed AP, Musa RM, Ab Nasir AF, Bari BS, Khatun S (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7283463">"Current Status, Challenges, and Possible Solutions of EEG-Based Brain-Computer Interface: A Comprehensive Review"</a>. Frontiers in Neurorobotics. 14: 25. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnbot.2020.00025">10.3389/fnbot.2020.00025</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7283463">7283463</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32581758">32581758</a>.</cite>

</li>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US20130127708">US 20130127708</a>, issued 23 May 2013

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:3-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_133-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_133-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFWangWangChengJung2013" class="citation book cs1">Wang YT, Wang Y, Cheng CK, Jung TP (2013). "Developing stimulus presentation on mobile devices for a truly portable SSVEP-based BCI". 2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). Vol. 2013. pp. 5271–5274. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FEMBC.2013.6610738">10.1109/EMBC.2013.6610738</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4577-0216-7</bdi>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24110925">24110925</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14324159">14324159</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBinGaoYanHong2009" class="citation journal cs1">Bin G, Gao X, Yan Z, Hong B, Gao S (August 2009). "An online multi-channel SSVEP-based brain-computer interface using a canonical correlation analysis method". Journal of Neural Engineering. 6 (4): 046002. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JNEng...6d6002B">2009JNEng...6d6002B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1741-2560%2F6%2F4%2F046002">10.1088/1741-2560/6/4/046002</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19494422">19494422</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32640699">32640699</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSymeonidouNordinHairstonFerris2018" class="citation journal cs1">Symeonidou ER, Nordin AD, Hairston WD, Ferris DP (April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5948545">"Effects of Cable Sway, Electrode Surface Area, and Electrode Mass on Electroencephalography Signal Quality during Motion"</a>. Sensors. 18 (4): 1073. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Senso..18.1073S">2018Senso..18.1073S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fs18041073">10.3390/s18041073</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5948545">5948545</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29614020">29614020</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWangWangGaoHong2006" class="citation journal cs1">Wang Y, Wang R, Gao X, Hong B, Gao S (June 2006). "A practical VEP-based brain-computer interface". IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering. 14 (2): 234–239. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTNSRE.2006.875576">10.1109/TNSRE.2006.875576</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16792302">16792302</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPfurtschellerMüllerPfurtschellerGerner2003" class="citation journal cs1">Pfurtscheller G, Müller GR, Pfurtscheller J, Gerner HJ, Rupp R (November 2003). "'Thought'--control of functional electrical stimulation to restore hand grasp in a patient with tetraplegia". Neuroscience Letters. 351 (1): 33–36. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0304-3940%2803%2900947-9">10.1016/S0304-3940(03)00947-9</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14550907">14550907</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38568963">38568963</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-DoWang2013-138"><a href="#cite_ref-DoWang2013_138-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDoWangKingChun2013" class="citation journal cs1">Do AH, Wang PT, King CE, Chun SN, Nenadic Z (December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3907014">"Brain-computer interface controlled robotic gait orthosis"</a>. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation. 10 (1): 111. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1743-0003-10-111">10.1186/1743-0003-10-111</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3907014">3907014</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24321081">24321081</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HXNCwonhjG8">Subject with Paraplegia Operates BCI-controlled RoGO (4x)</a> at YouTube.com

</li>

<li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Cq35VbRpTY">Alex Blainey controls a cheap consumer robot arm using the EPOC headset via a serial relay port</a> at YouTube.com

</li>

<li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Ranganatha Sitaram, Andrea Caria, Ralf Veit, Tilman Gaber, Giuseppina Rota, Andrea Kuebler and Niels Birbaumer(2007) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120731202844/http://mts.hindawi.com/utils/GetFile.aspx?msid=25487&vnum=2&ftype=manuscript">FMRI Brain–Computer Interface: A Tool for Neuroscientific Research and Treatment</a>"

</li>

<li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPeplow2004" class="citation journal cs1">Peplow, Mark (27 August 2004). "Mental ping-pong could aid paraplegics". News@nature. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews040823-18">10.1038/news040823-18</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170623060519/http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20060525/117493/">"To operate robot only with brain, ATR and Honda develop BMI base technology"</a>. Tech-on. 26 May 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20060525/117493/">the original</a> on 23 June 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2006.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMiyawakiUchidaYamashitaSato2008" class="citation journal cs1">Miyawaki Y, Uchida H, Yamashita O, Sato MA, Morito Y, Tanabe HC, et al. (December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2008.11.004">"Visual image reconstruction from human brain activity using a combination of multiscale local image decoders"</a>. Neuron. 60 (5): 915–929. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2008.11.004">10.1016/j.neuron.2008.11.004</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19081384">19081384</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17327816">17327816</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNishimotoVuNaselarisBenjamini2011" class="citation journal cs1">Nishimoto S, Vu AT, Naselaris T, Benjamini Y, Yu B, Gallant JL (October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3326357">"Reconstructing visual experiences from brain activity evoked by natural movies"</a>. Current Biology. 21 (19): 1641–1646. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011CBio...21.1641N">2011CBio...21.1641N</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2011.08.031">10.1016/j.cub.2011.08.031</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3326357">3326357</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21945275">21945275</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFYam2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Yam, Philip (22 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2011/09/22/breakthrough-could-enable-others-to-watch-your-dreams-and-memories-video/">"Breakthrough Could Enable Others to Watch Your Dreams and Memories"</a>. Scientific American. Retrieved 25 September 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110925024037/https://sites.google.com/site/gallantlabucb/publications/nishimoto-et-al-2011">"Reconstructing visual experiences from brain activity evoked by natural movies (Project page)"</a>. The Gallant Lab at <a href="UC_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="UC Berkeley">UC Berkeley</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/gallantlabucb/publications/nishimoto-et-al-2011">the original</a> on 25 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAnwar2011" class="citation web cs1">Anwar, Yasmin (22 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2011/09/22/brain-movies/">"Scientists use brain imaging to reveal the movies in our mind"</a>. <a href="UC_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="UC Berkeley">UC Berkeley</a> News Center. Retrieved 25 September 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ieeexplore.ieee.org-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ieeexplore.ieee.org_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ieeexplore.ieee.org_149-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ieeexplore.ieee.org_149-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFMarshallCoyleWilsonCallaghan2013" class="citation journal cs1">Marshall D, Coyle D, Wilson S, Callaghan M (2013). "Games, Gameplay, and BCI: The State of the Art". IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games. 5 (2): 83. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTCIAIG.2013.2263555">10.1109/TCIAIG.2013.2263555</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206636315">206636315</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbci.de/competition/iv/">"Goals of the organizers"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 19 December 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAngChinWangGuan2012" class="citation journal cs1">Ang KK, Chin ZY, Wang C, Guan C, Zhang H (1 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3314883">"Filter Bank Common Spatial Pattern Algorithm on BCI Competition IV Datasets 2a and 2b"</a>. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 6: 39. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnins.2012.00039">10.3389/fnins.2012.00039</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3314883">3314883</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22479236">22479236</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFairclough2009" class="citation journal cs1">Fairclough, Stephen H. (January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/iwc/article-lookup/doi/10.1016/j.intcom.2008.10.011">"Fundamentals of physiological computing"</a>. Interacting with Computers. 21 (1–2): 133–145. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.intcom.2008.10.011">10.1016/j.intcom.2008.10.011</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16314534">16314534</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBozinovski2017" class="citation book cs1">Bozinovski S (2017). "Signal Processing Robotics Using Signals Generated by a Human Head: From Pioneering Works to EEG-Based Emulation of Digital Circuits". Advances in Robot Design and Intelligent Control. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Vol. 540. pp. 449–462. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-49058-8_49">10.1007/978-3-319-49058-8_49</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-319-49057-1</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMathôtMelmivan_der_LindenVan_der_Stigchel2016" class="citation journal cs1">Mathôt S, Melmi JB, van der Linden L, Van der Stigchel S (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4743834">"The Mind-Writing Pupil: A Human-Computer Interface Based on Decoding of Covert Attention through Pupillometry"</a>. PLOS ONE. 11 (2): e0148805. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PLoSO..1148805M">2016PLoSO..1148805M</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0148805">10.1371/journal.pone.0148805</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4743834">4743834</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26848745">26848745</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Telepathy-155"><a href="#cite_ref-Telepathy_155-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBland2008" class="citation news cs1">Bland, Eric (13 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27162401">"Army Developing 'synthetic telepathy'"</a>. Discovery News. Retrieved 13 October 2008.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-srep01319-156"><a href="#cite_ref-srep01319_156-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPais-VieiraLebedevKunickiWang2013" class="citation journal cs1">Pais-Vieira M, Lebedev M, Kunicki C, Wang J, Nicolelis MA (28 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3584574">"A brain-to-brain interface for real-time sharing of sensorimotor information"</a>. Scientific Reports. 3 1319. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NatSR...3.1319P">2013NatSR...3.1319P</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep01319">10.1038/srep01319</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3584574">3584574</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23448946">23448946</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGorman2013" class="citation news cs1">Gorman, James (28 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/01/science/new-research-suggests-two-rat-brains-can-be-linked.html">"One Rat Thinks, and Another Reacts"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 28 February 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSample2013" class="citation web cs1">Sample, Ian (1 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/feb/28/brains-rats-connected-share-information">"Brain-to-brain interface lets rats share information via internet"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 2 March 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-TelepathicComm-159"><a href="#cite_ref-TelepathicComm_159-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKennedy2011" class="citation news cs1">Kennedy, Pagan (18 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/18/magazine/the-cyborg-in-us-all.html">"The Cyborg in Us All"</a>. <a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 28 January 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSelimDrinkell2002" class="citation web cs1">Selim, Jocelyn; Drinkell, Pete (1 November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080106135544/http://discovermagazine.com:80/2002/nov/featbionic">"The Bionic Connection"</a>. <a href="Discover_(magazine)" title="Discover (magazine)">Discover</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovermagazine.com/2002/nov/featbionic/">the original</a> on 6 January 2008.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGiaimo2015" class="citation web cs1">Giaimo, Cara (10 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/nervous-system-hookup-leads-to-telepathic-hand-holding">"Nervous System Hookup Leads to Telepathic Hand-Holding"</a>. Atlas Obscura.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Warwick, K, Gasson, M, Hutt, B, Goodhew, I, Kyberd, P, Schulzrinne, H and Wu, X: "Thought Communication and Control: A First Step using Radiotelegraphy", <a href="Institution_of_Electrical_Engineers" title="Institution of Electrical Engineers">IEE</a> Proceedings on Communications, 151(3), pp.185–189, 2004

</li>

<li id="cite_note-doi10.1001/archneur.60.10.1369|noedit-163"><a href="#cite_ref-doi10.1001/archneur.60.10.1369|noedit_163-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWarwickGassonHuttGoodhew2003" class="citation journal cs1">Warwick K, Gasson M, Hutt B, Goodhew I, Kyberd P, Andrews B, et al. (October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchneur.60.10.1369">"The application of implant technology for cybernetic systems"</a>. Archives of Neurology. 60 (10): 1369–1373. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchneur.60.10.1369">10.1001/archneur.60.10.1369</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14568806">14568806</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-consciousbraintobrain-164"><a href="#cite_ref-consciousbraintobrain_164-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGrauGinhouxRieraNguyen2014" class="citation journal cs1">Grau C, Ginhoux R, Riera A, Nguyen TL, Chauvat H, Berg M, et al. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4138179">"Conscious brain-to-brain communication in humans using non-invasive technologies"</a>. PLOS ONE. 9 (8): e105225. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...9j5225G">2014PLoSO...9j5225G</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0105225">10.1371/journal.pone.0105225</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4138179">4138179</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25137064">25137064</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMazzatentaGiuglianoCampidelliGambazzi2007" class="citation journal cs1">Mazzatenta A, Giugliano M, Campidelli S, Gambazzi L, Businaro L, Markram H, et al. (June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6672220">"Interfacing neurons with carbon nanotubes: electrical signal transfer and synaptic stimulation in cultured brain circuits"</a>. The Journal of Neuroscience. 27 (26): 6931–6936. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.1051-07.2007">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1051-07.2007</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6672220">6672220</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17596441">17596441</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caltech.edu/news/caltech-scientists-devise-first-neurochip-213">Caltech Scientists Devise First Neurochip</a>, Caltech, 26 October 1997

</li>

<li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSandhana2004" class="citation web cs1">Sandhana, Lakshmi (22 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060910201747/http://www.wired.com/news/technology/medtech/0%2C65422-0.html">"Coming to a brain near you"</a>. Wired News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/news/technology/medtech/0,65422-0.html">the original</a> on 10 September 2006.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2004/TECH/11/02/brain.dish/">"'Brain' in a dish flies flight simulator"</a>. CNN. 4 November 2004.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2015/04/09/168424/paralyzed-again/">"Paralyzed Again"</a>. MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 8 December 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://galeapps.gale.com/apps/auth?userGroupName=nysl_ca_arg&sid=googleScholar&da=true&origURL=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fid%3DGALE%257CA594456959%26sid%3DgoogleScholar%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr%26linkaccess%3Dabs%26issn%3D00280836%26p%3DAONE%26sw%3Dw%26userGroupName%3Dnysl_ca_arg%26aty%3Dip&prodId=AONE">"Gale - Product Login"</a>. galeapps.gale.com. Retrieved 8 December 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFIencaHaselager2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ienca, Marcello; Haselager, Pim (June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10676-016-9398-9">"Hacking the brain: brain-computer interfacing technology and the ethics of neurosecurity"</a>. Ethics & Information Technology. 18 (2): 117–129. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10676-016-9398-9">10.1007/s10676-016-9398-9</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2066%2F157644">2066/157644</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5132634">5132634</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSteinertFriedrich2020" class="citation journal cs1">Steinert, Steffen; Friedrich, Orsolya (1 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-019-00087-2">"Wired Emotions: Ethical Issues of Affective Brain–Computer Interfaces"</a>. Science and Engineering Ethics. 26 (1): 351–367. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11948-019-00087-2">10.1007/s11948-019-00087-2</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-5546">1471-5546</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6978299">6978299</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30868377">30868377</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFClausen2009" class="citation journal cs1">Clausen, Jens (1 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.457.1080C">"Man, machine and in between"</a>. Nature. 457 (7233): 1080–1081. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.457.1080C">2009Natur.457.1080C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F4571080a">10.1038/4571080a</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19242454">19242454</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205043226">205043226</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHaselagerVlekHillNijboer2009" class="citation journal cs1">Haselager, Pim; Vlek, Rutger; Hill, Jeremy; Nijboer, Femke (1 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0893608009001531">"A note on ethical aspects of BCI"</a>. Neural Networks. Brain-Machine Interface. 22 (9): 1352–1357. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neunet.2009.06.046">10.1016/j.neunet.2009.06.046</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2066%2F77533">2066/77533</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0893-6080">0893-6080</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19616405">19616405</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAttiahFarah2014" class="citation journal cs1">Attiah, Mark A.; Farah, Martha J. (15 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4030132">"Minds, motherboards, and money: futurism and realism in the neuroethics of BCI technologies"</a>. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience. 8: 86. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnsys.2014.00086">10.3389/fnsys.2014.00086</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1662-5137">1662-5137</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4030132">4030132</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24860445">24860445</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNijboerClausenAllisonHaselager2013" class="citation journal cs1">Nijboer, Femke; Clausen, Jens; Allison, Brendan Z.; Haselager, Pim (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3825606">"The Asilomar Survey: Stakeholders' Opinions on Ethical Issues Related to Brain-Computer Interfacing"</a>. Neuroethics. 6 (3): 541–578. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12152-011-9132-6">10.1007/s12152-011-9132-6</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1874-5490">1874-5490</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3825606">3825606</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24273623">24273623</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Sony_patent_neural_interface-177"><a href="#cite_ref-Sony_patent_neural_interface_177-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120407071853/http://www.wikipatents.com/US-Patent-6729337/method-and-system-for-generating-sensory-data-onto-the-human-neural">"Sony patent neural interface"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikipatents.com/US-Patent-6729337/method-and-system-for-generating-sensory-data-onto-the-human-neural">the original</a> on 7 April 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/science/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8847846">"Mind Games"</a>. The Economist. 23 March 2007.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ocztechnology.com/nia-game-controller.html">"nia Game Controller Product Page"</a>. OCZ Technology Group. Retrieved 30 January 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Mind_reading_is_on_the_market-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mind_reading_is_on_the_market_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mind_reading_is_on_the_market_180-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mind_reading_is_on_the_market_180-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFLi2010" class="citation news cs1">Li S (8 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130104065206/http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-mind-reader-20100808,0,6235181,full.story">"Mind reading is on the market"</a>. <a href="Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-mind-reader-20100808,0,6235181,full.story">the original</a> on 4 January 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFruhlinger2008" class="citation web cs1">Fruhlinger, Joshua (9 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/2008/10/09/brains-on-with-neurosky-and-squareenixs-judecca-mind-control-ga">"Brains-on with NeuroSky and Square Enix's Judecca mind-control game"</a>. Engadget. Retrieved 29 May 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111108025937/http://www.physorg.com/news150781868.html">New games powered by brain waves</a>. Physorg.com (10 January 2009). Retrieved on 12 September 2010.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSnider2009" class="citation news cs1">Snider, Mike (7 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/life/lifestyle/2009-01-06-force-trainer-toy_N.htm">"Toy trains 'Star Wars' fans to use The Force"</a>. USA Today. Retrieved 1 May 2010.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-emotive-184"><a href="#cite_ref-emotive_184-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emotiv.com/">"Emotiv Homepage"</a>. Emotiv.com. Retrieved 29 December 2009.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120125122705/http://neurowear.com/?p=153">"'necomimi' selected 'Time Magazine / The 50 best invention of the year'"</a>. Neurowear. 22 November 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neurowear.com/?p=153">the original</a> on 25 January 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theyshallwalk.org/category/lifesuit-updates-and-news/">"LIFESUIT Updates & News – They Shall Walk"</a>. Theyshallwalk.org. Retrieved 19 December 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/icibici/smartphone-bci-hardware/">"SmartphoneBCI"</a>. <a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>. Retrieved 5 June 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/ryanlintott/SSVEP_keyboard/">"SSVEP_keyboard"</a>. <a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>. Retrieved 5 April 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFProtalinski2020" class="citation web cs1">Protalinski, Emil (8 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://venturebeat.com/2020/12/07/nextmind-real-time-brain-computer-interface-dev-kit/">"NextMind ships its real-time brain computer interface Dev Kit for $399"</a>. VentureBeat. Retrieved 8 September 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEtherington2020" class="citation web cs1">Etherington, Darrell (21 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2020/12/21/nextminds-dev-kit-for-mind-controlled-computing-offers-a-rare-wow-factor-in-tech/">"NextMind's Dev Kit for mind-controlled computing offers a rare 'wow' factor in tech"</a>. TechCrunch. Retrieved 1 April 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ar.snap.com/welcome-nextmind">"Welcome Nextmind!"</a>. ar.snap.com. Retrieved 31 May 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pieeg.com/">"Brain-computer Interface (BCI), explore neuroscience - PiEEG"</a>. PiEEG. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815000000/https://pieeg.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2024. Retrieved 15 August 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bnci-horizon-2020.eu/roadmap">"Roadmap - BNCI Horizon 2020"</a>. bnci-horizon-2020.eu. Retrieved 5 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-bncihorizon2020-194"><a href="#cite_ref-bncihorizon2020_194-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBrunnerBirbaumerBlankertzGuger2015" class="citation journal cs1">Brunner C, Birbaumer N, Blankertz B, Guger C, Kübler A, Mattia D, et al. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/205169">"BNCI Horizon 2020: towards a roadmap for the BCI community"</a>. Brain-Computer Interfaces. 2: 1–10. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F2326263X.2015.1008956">10.1080/2326263X.2015.1008956</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1874%2F350349">1874/350349</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15822773">15822773</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAllisonDunneLeebMillan2013" class="citation book cs1">Allison BZ, Dunne S, Leeb R, Millan J, Nijholt A (2013). Towards Practical Brain-Computer Interfaces: Bridging the Gap from Research to Real-World Applications. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer Verlag. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-642-29746-5</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEdlingerAllisonGuger2015" class="citation book cs1">Edlinger G, Allison BZ, Guger C (2015). "How many people could use a BCI system?". In Kansaku K, Cohen L, Birbaumer N (eds.). Clinical Systems Neuroscience. Tokyo: pringer Verlag Japan. pp. 33–66. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-4-431-55037-2</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFChatelleChennuNoirhommeCruse2012" class="citation journal cs1">Chatelle C, Chennu S, Noirhomme Q, Cruse D, Owen AM, Laureys S (2012). "Brain-computer interfacing in disorders of consciousness". Brain Injury. 26 (12): 1510–1522. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F02699052.2012.698362">10.3109/02699052.2012.698362</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2268%2F162403">2268/162403</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22759199">22759199</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6498232">6498232</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-BolyMassimini2012-198"><a href="#cite_ref-BolyMassimini2012_198-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBolyMassiminiGarridoGosseries2012" class="citation journal cs1">Boly M, Massimini M, Garrido MI, Gosseries O, Noirhomme Q, Laureys S, Soddu A (2012). "Brain connectivity in disorders of consciousness". Brain Connectivity. 2 (1): 1–10. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fbrain.2011.0049">10.1089/brain.2011.0049</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2268%2F131984">2268/131984</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22512333">22512333</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6447538">6447538</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGibsonFernández-EspejoGonzalez-LaraKwan2014" class="citation journal cs1">Gibson RM, Fernández-Espejo D, Gonzalez-Lara LE, Kwan BY, Lee DH, Owen AM, Cruse D (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4244609">"Multiple tasks and neuroimaging modalities increase the likelihood of detecting covert awareness in patients with disorders of consciousness"</a>. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 8: 950. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnhum.2014.00950">10.3389/fnhum.2014.00950</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4244609">4244609</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25505400">25505400</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRisettiFormisanoToppiQuitadamo2013" class="citation journal cs1">Risetti M, Formisano R, Toppi J, Quitadamo LR, Bianchi L, Astolfi L, et al. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3834290">"On ERPs detection in disorders of consciousness rehabilitation"</a>. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 7: 775. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnhum.2013.00775">10.3389/fnhum.2013.00775</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3834290">3834290</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24312041">24312041</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSilvoniRamos-MurguialdayCavinatoVolpato2011" class="citation journal cs1">Silvoni S, Ramos-Murguialday A, Cavinato M, Volpato C, Cisotto G, Turolla A, et al. (October 2011). "Brain-computer interface in stroke: a review of progress". Clinical EEG and Neuroscience. 42 (4): 245–252. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F155005941104200410">10.1177/155005941104200410</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22208122">22208122</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37902399">37902399</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLeamyKocijanDomijanDuffin2014" class="citation journal cs1">Leamy DJ, Kocijan J, Domijan K, Duffin J, Roche RA, Commins S, et al. (January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3996183">"An exploration of EEG features during recovery following stroke - implications for BCI-mediated neurorehabilitation therapy"</a>. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation. 11: 9. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1743-0003-11-9">10.1186/1743-0003-11-9</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3996183">3996183</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24468185">24468185</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTungGuanAngPhua2013" class="citation book cs1">Tung SW, Guan C, Ang KK, Phua KS, Wang C, Zhao L, et al. (July 2013). "Motor imagery BCI for upper limb stroke rehabilitation: An evaluation of the EEG recordings using coherence analysis". 2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). Vol. 2013. pp. 261–264. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FEMBC.2013.6609487">10.1109/EMBC.2013.6609487</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4577-0216-7</bdi>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24109674">24109674</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5071115">5071115</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBaiFongZhangChan2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bai Z, Fong KN, Zhang JJ, Chan J, Ting KH (April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7183617">"Immediate and long-term effects of BCI-based rehabilitation of the upper extremity after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation. 17 (1) 57. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12984-020-00686-2">10.1186/s12984-020-00686-2</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7183617">7183617</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32334608">32334608</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRemsikYoungVermilyeaKiekhoefer2016" class="citation journal cs1">Remsik A, Young B, Vermilyea R, Kiekhoefer L, Abrams J, Evander Elmore S, et al. (May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5131699">"A review of the progression and future implications of brain-computer interface therapies for restoration of distal upper extremity motor function after stroke"</a>. Expert Review of Medical Devices. 13 (5): 445–454. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17434440.2016.1174572">10.1080/17434440.2016.1174572</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5131699">5131699</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27112213">27112213</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMonge-PereiraIbañez-PeredaAlguacil-DiegoSerrano2017" class="citation journal cs1">Monge-Pereira E, Ibañez-Pereda J, Alguacil-Diego IM, Serrano JI, Spottorno-Rubio MP, Molina-Rueda F (September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10042536/">"Use of Electroencephalography Brain-Computer Interface Systems as a Rehabilitative Approach for Upper Limb Function After a Stroke: A Systematic Review"</a>. PM&R. 9 (9): 918–932. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pmrj.2017.04.016">10.1016/j.pmrj.2017.04.016</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28512066">28512066</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20808455">20808455</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSabathielIrimiaAllisonGuger2016" class="citation book cs1">Sabathiel N, Irimia DC, Allison BZ, Guger C, Edlinger G (17 July 2016). "Paired Associative Stimulation with Brain-Computer Interfaces: A New Paradigm for Stroke Rehabilitation". Foundations of Augmented Cognition: Neuroergonomics and Operational Neuroscience. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 9743. pp. 261–272. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-39955-3_25">10.1007/978-3-319-39955-3_25</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-319-39954-6</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRiccioPichiorriSchettiniToppi2016" class="citation book cs1">Riccio A, Pichiorri F, Schettini F, Toppi J, Risetti M, Formisano R, et al. (2016). "Interfacing brain with computer to improve communication and rehabilitation after brain damage". Brain-Computer Interfaces: Lab Experiments to Real-World Applications. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 228. pp. 357–387. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fbs.pbr.2016.04.018">10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.04.018</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-12-804216-8</bdi>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27590975">27590975</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFVárkutiGuanPanPhua2013" class="citation journal cs1">Várkuti B, Guan C, Pan Y, Phua KS, Ang KK, Kuah CW, et al. (January 2013). "Resting state changes in functional connectivity correlate with movement recovery for BCI and robot-assisted upper-extremity training after stroke". Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. 27 (1): 53–62. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1545968312445910">10.1177/1545968312445910</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22645108">22645108</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7120989">7120989</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFYoungNigogosyanRemsikWalton2014" class="citation journal cs1">Young BM, Nigogosyan Z, Remsik A, Walton LM, Song J, Nair VA, et al. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4086321">"Changes in functional connectivity correlate with behavioral gains in stroke patients after therapy using a brain-computer interface device"</a>. Frontiers in Neuroengineering. 7: 25. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffneng.2014.00025">10.3389/fneng.2014.00025</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4086321">4086321</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25071547">25071547</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:6-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_211-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFYuanChenWangChu2021" class="citation journal cs1">Yuan K, Chen C, Wang X, Chu WC, Tong RK (January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7824842">"BCI Training Effects on Chronic Stroke Correlate with Functional Reorganization in Motor-Related Regions: A Concurrent EEG and fMRI Study"</a>. Brain Sciences. 11 (1): 56. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fbrainsci11010056">10.3390/brainsci11010056</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7824842">7824842</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33418846">33418846</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMrachacz-KerstingVoigtStevensonAliakbaryhosseinabadi2017" class="citation journal cs1">Mrachacz-Kersting N, Voigt M, Stevenson AJ, Aliakbaryhosseinabadi S, Jiang N, Dremstrup K, Farina D (November 2017). "The effect of type of afferent feedback timed with motor imagery on the induction of cortical plasticity". Brain Research. 1674: 91–100. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brainres.2017.08.025">10.1016/j.brainres.2017.08.025</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10012%2F12325">10012/12325</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28859916">28859916</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5866337">5866337</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFOpie2019" class="citation web cs1">Opie N (2 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medicine.unimelb.edu.au/research-groups/medicine-and-radiology-research/royal-melbourne-hospital/the-vascular-bionics-laboratory">"Research Overview"</a>. University of Melbourne Medicine. University of Melbourne. Retrieved 5 December 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFOxleyOpieJohnRind2016" class="citation journal cs1">Oxley TJ, Opie NL, John SE, Rind GS, Ronayne SM, Wheeler TL, et al. (March 2016). "Minimally invasive endovascular stent-electrode array for high-fidelity, chronic recordings of cortical neural activity". Nature Biotechnology. 34 (3): 320–327. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnbt.3428">10.1038/nbt.3428</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26854476">26854476</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205282364">205282364</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medicaldevice-network.com/news/synchron-stentrode-study/">"Synchron begins trialling Stentrode neural interface technology"</a>. Verdict Medical Devices. 22 September 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRadzikMiziakDudkaChrościńska-Krawczyk2015" class="citation journal cs1">Radzik I, Miziak B, Dudka J, Chrościńska-Krawczyk M, Czuczwar SJ (June 2015). "Prospects of epileptogenesis prevention". Pharmacological Reports. 67 (3): 663–668. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pharep.2015.01.016">10.1016/j.pharep.2015.01.016</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25933984">25933984</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31284248">31284248</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRitaccioBrunnerGunduzHermes2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ritaccio A, Brunner P, Gunduz A, Hermes D, Hirsch LJ, Jacobs J, et al. (December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4268064">"Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Advances in Electrocorticography"</a>. Epilepsy & Behavior. 41: 183–192. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yebeh.2014.09.015">10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.09.015</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4268064">4268064</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25461213">25461213</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-KimSilk-218"><a href="#cite_ref-KimSilk_218-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKimViventiAmsdenXiao2010" class="citation journal cs1">Kim DH, Viventi J, Amsden JJ, Xiao J, Vigeland L, Kim YS, et al. (June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3034223">"Dissolvable films of silk fibroin for ultrathin conformal bio-integrated electronics"</a>. Nature Materials. 9 (6): 511–517. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010NatMa...9..511K">2010NatMa...9..511K</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnmat2745">10.1038/nmat2745</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3034223">3034223</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20400953">20400953</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Boppart-219"><a href="#cite_ref-Boppart_219-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBoppartWheelerWallace1992" class="citation journal cs1">Boppart SA, Wheeler BC, Wallace CS (January 1992). "A flexible perforated microelectrode array for extended neural recordings". IEEE Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering. 39 (1): 37–42. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F10.108125">10.1109/10.108125</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1572679">1572679</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36593459">36593459</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFThompsonZorattiLanghalsPurcell2016" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson CH, Zoratti MJ, Langhals NB, Purcell EK (April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Ften.teb.2015.0279">"Regenerative Electrode Interfaces for Neural Prostheses"</a>. Tissue Engineering. Part B, Reviews. 22 (2): 125–135. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Ften.teb.2015.0279">10.1089/ten.teb.2015.0279</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26421660">26421660</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Rabaey-221">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rabaey_221-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rabaey_221-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFRabaey2011" class="citation book cs1">Rabaey JM (September 2011). "Brain-machine interfaces as the new frontier in extreme miniaturization". 2011 Proceedings of the European Solid-State Device Research Conference (ESSDERC). pp. 19–24. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fessderc.2011.6044240">10.1109/essderc.2011.6044240</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4577-0707-0</bdi>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:47542923">47542923</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWarnekeLastLiebowitzPister2001" class="citation journal cs1">Warneke B, Last M, Liebowitz B, Pister KS (January 2001). "Smart Dust: communicating with a cubic-millimeter computer". Computer. 34 (1): 44–51. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F2.895117">10.1109/2.895117</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-9162">0018-9162</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21557">21557</a>.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Brouse, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cec.sonus.ca/econtact/14_2/brouse_brainwavemusic.html">"A Young Person's Guide to Brainwave Music: Forty years of audio from the human EEG"</a>. eContact! 14.2 – Biotechnological Performance Practice / Pratiques de performance biotechnologique (July 2012). Montréal: <a href="Canadian_Electroacoustic_Community" title="Canadian Electroacoustic Community">CEC</a>.</li>

<li>Gupta, Cota Navin and Ramaswamy Palanappian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://econtact.ca/14_2/gupta-palaniappan_interfacedesign.html">"Using High-Frequency Electroencephalogram in Visual and Auditory-Based Brain-Computer Interface Designs"</a>. eContact! 14.2 – Biotechnological Performance Practice / Pratiques de performance biotechnologique (July 2012). Montréal: <a href="Canadian_Electroacoustic_Community" title="Canadian Electroacoustic Community">CEC</a>.</li>

<li>Ouzounian, Gascia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://econtact.ca/14_2/ouzounian_biomuse.html">"The Biomuse Trio in Conversation: An Interview with R. Benjamin Knapp and Eric Lyon"</a>. eContact! 14.2 – Biotechnological Performance Practice / Pratiques de performance biotechnologique (July 2012). Montréal: <a href="Canadian_Electroacoustic_Community" title="Canadian Electroacoustic Community">CEC</a>.</li>

<li><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338491730">20 Years of Brain-Machine Interface Research</a>. Nicolelis Lab Series. Vol. 1. 2019. p. 452.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338491641">20 Years of Brain-Machine Interface Research</a>. Nicolelis Lab Series. Vol. 2. 2019. p. 436.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="side-box side-box-right sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brain-computer_interfaces" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Brain-computer interfaces">Brain-computer interfaces</a>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFWandeltBjånesPejsaLee2024" class="citation journal cs1">Wandelt, Sarah K.; Bjånes, David A.; Pejsa, Kelsie; Lee, Brian; Liu, Charles; Andersen, Richard A. (13 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11199147">"Representation of internal speech by single neurons in human supramarginal gyrus"</a>. Nature Human Behaviour. 8 (6): 1136–1149. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41562-024-01867-y">10.1038/s41562-024-01867-y</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2397-3374">2397-3374</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11199147">11199147</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38740984">38740984</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131117040218/http://unlockproject.org/">The Unlock Project</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wirelessbci.cloud/">CIA - Wireless BCI</a></li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Brain–computer_interface366" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="Brain–computer_interface366" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biomechatronics" title="Biomechatronics">Biomechatronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Brain_implant" title="Brain implant">Brain implant</a></li>

<li><a href="BrainGate" title="BrainGate">BrainGate</a></li>

<li><a href="Brainport" title="Brainport">Brainport</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyberware" title="Cyberware">Cyberware</a></li>

<li><a href="Exocortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Exocortex">Exocortex</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligence_amplification" title="Intelligence amplification">Intelligence amplification</a></li>

<li><a href="Isolated_brain" title="Isolated brain">Isolated brain</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuroprosthetics" title="Neuroprosthetics">Neuroprosthetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurotechnology" title="Neurotechnology">Neurotechnology</a></li>

<li><a href="Optogenetics" title="Optogenetics">Optogenetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Sensory_substitution" title="Sensory substitution">Sensory substitution</a></li>

<li><a href="Stentrode" class="mw-redirect" title="Stentrode">Stentrode</a></li>

<li><a href="Synthetic_telepathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic telepathy">Synthetic telepathy</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Electrocorticography" title="Electrocorticography">Electrocorticography</a> (ECoG)</li>

<li><a href="Neural_ensemble" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural ensemble">Neural ensemble</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuroplasticity" title="Neuroplasticity">Neuroplasticity</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">Cognitive science</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">Cognitive neuroscience</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_neuroscience" title="Computational neuroscience">Computational neuroscience</a></li>

<li><a href="Neural_engineering" title="Neural engineering">Neural engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speculative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Brain_transplant" title="Brain transplant">Brain transplant</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyborg" title="Cyborg">Cyborg</a></li>

<li><a href="Mind_uploading" title="Mind uploading">Mind uploading</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Charles_Stross" title="Charles Stross">Charles Stross</a></li>

<li><a href="Douglas_Engelbart" title="Douglas Engelbart">Douglas Engelbart</a></li>

<li><a href="J._C._R._Licklider" title="J. C. R. Licklider">J. C. R. Licklider</a></li>

<li><a href="Kevin_Warwick" title="Kevin Warwick">Kevin Warwick</a></li>

<li><a href="Matt_Nagle" title="Matt Nagle">Matt Nagle</a></li>

<li><a href="Merlin_Donald" title="Merlin Donald">Merlin Donald</a></li>

<li><a href="Miguel_Nicolelis" title="Miguel Nicolelis">Miguel Nicolelis</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Kyberd" title="Peter Kyberd">Peter Kyberd</a></li>

<li><a href="Steve_Mann_(inventor)" title="Steve Mann (inventor)">Steve Mann</a></li>

<li><a href="Vernor_Vinge" title="Vernor Vinge">Vernor Vinge</a></li>

<li><a href="Yoky_Matsuoka" title="Yoky Matsuoka">Yoky Matsuoka</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_Boyden" title="Edward Boyden">Edward Boyden</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_enhancement" title="Human enhancement">Human enhancement</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurohacking" title="Neurohacking">Neurohacking</a></li>

<li><a href="Simulation_hypothesis" title="Simulation hypothesis">Simulation hypothesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Walk_Again_Project" title="Walk Again Project">Walk Again Project</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li>

<li> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brain-computer_interfaces" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Brain-computer interfaces">Commons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neuroscience515" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Neuroscience515" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_neuroscience" title="Outline of neuroscience">Outline</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_neuroscience" title="History of neuroscience">History</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Basic_research" title="Basic research">Basic science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Behavioral_epigenetics" title="Behavioral epigenetics">Behavioral epigenetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Brain_mapping" title="Brain mapping">Brain mapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Brain-reading" title="Brain-reading">Brain-reading</a></li>

<li><a href="Cellular_neuroscience" title="Cellular neuroscience">Cellular neuroscience</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_neuroscience" title="Computational neuroscience">Computational neuroscience</a></li>

<li><a href="Connectomics" title="Connectomics">Connectomics</a></li>

<li><a href="Imaging_genetics" title="Imaging genetics">Imaging genetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Integrative_neuroscience" title="Integrative neuroscience">Integrative neuroscience</a></li>

<li><a href="Molecular_neuroscience" title="Molecular neuroscience">Molecular neuroscience</a></li>

<li><a href="Neural_decoding" title="Neural decoding">Neural decoding</a></li>

<li><a href="Neural_engineering" title="Neural engineering">Neural engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuroanatomy" title="Neuroanatomy">Neuroanatomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurobiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurobiology">Neurobiology</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurochemistry" title="Neurochemistry">Neurochemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuroendocrinology" title="Neuroendocrinology">Neuroendocrinology</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurogenetics" title="Neurogenetics">Neurogenetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuroinformatics" title="Neuroinformatics">Neuroinformatics</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurometrics" title="Neurometrics">Neurometrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuromorphology" title="Neuromorphology">Neuromorphology</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurophysics" title="Neurophysics">Neurophysics</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurophysiology" title="Neurophysiology">Neurophysiology</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_neuroscience" title="Systems neuroscience">Systems neuroscience</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Clinical_neuroscience" title="Clinical neuroscience">Clinical neuroscience</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Behavioral_neurology" title="Behavioral neurology">Behavioral neurology</a></li>

<li><a href="Clinical_neurophysiology" title="Clinical neurophysiology">Clinical neurophysiology</a></li>

<li><a href="Epileptology" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptology">Epileptology</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurocardiology" title="Neurocardiology">Neurocardiology</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuroepidemiology" title="Neuroepidemiology">Neuroepidemiology</a></li>

<li><a href="Enteric_nervous_system#Function" title="Enteric nervous system">Neurogastroenterology</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuroimmunology" title="Neuroimmunology">Neuroimmunology</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurointensive_care" title="Neurointensive care">Neurointensive care</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuro-oncology" title="Neuro-oncology">Neuro-oncology</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuro-ophthalmology" title="Neuro-ophthalmology">Neuro-ophthalmology</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuropathology" title="Neuropathology">Neuropathology</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuropharmacology" title="Neuropharmacology">Neuropharmacology</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuroprosthetics" title="Neuroprosthetics">Neuroprosthetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuropsychiatry" title="Neuropsychiatry">Neuropsychiatry</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuroradiology" title="Neuroradiology">Neuroradiology</a></li>

<li>Neurorehabilitation</li>

<li><a href="Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">Neurosurgery</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurotology" title="Neurotology">Neurotology</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurovirology" title="Neurovirology">Neurovirology</a></li>

<li><a href="Nutritional_neuroscience" title="Nutritional neuroscience">Nutritional neuroscience</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">Cognitive neuroscience</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">Affective neuroscience</a></li>

<li><a href="Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">Behavioral neuroscience</a></li>

<li><a href="Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a></li>

<li><a href="Molecular_cellular_cognition" title="Molecular cellular cognition">Molecular cellular cognition</a></li>

<li><a href="Motor_control" title="Motor control">Motor control</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurolinguistics" title="Neurolinguistics">Neurolinguistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Sensory_neuroscience" title="Sensory neuroscience">Sensory neuroscience</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_cognitive_neuroscience" title="Social cognitive neuroscience">Social cognitive neuroscience</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdisciplinary fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Consumer_neuroscience" title="Consumer neuroscience">Consumer neuroscience</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_neuroscience" title="Cultural neuroscience">Cultural neuroscience</a></li>

<li><a href="Educational_neuroscience" title="Educational neuroscience">Educational neuroscience</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_neuroscience" title="Evolutionary neuroscience">Evolutionary neuroscience</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_neurosurgery" title="Global neurosurgery">Global neurosurgery</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuroanthropology" title="Neuroanthropology">Neuroanthropology</a></li>

<li><a href="Neural_engineering" title="Neural engineering">Neural engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurotechnology" title="Neurotechnology">Neurobiotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurocinema" title="Neurocinema">Neurocinema</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurocriminology" title="Neurocriminology">Neurocriminology</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuroeconomics" title="Neuroeconomics">Neuroeconomics</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuroepistemology" title="Neuroepistemology">Neuroepistemology</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuroesthetics" title="Neuroesthetics">Neuroesthetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuroethics" title="Neuroethics">Neuroethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuroethology" title="Neuroethology">Neuroethology</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurohistory" title="Neurohistory">Neurohistory</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurolaw" title="Neurolaw">Neurolaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuromarketing" title="Neuromarketing">Neuromarketing</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuromorphic_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromorphic engineering">Neuromorphic engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuroscience_of_music" title="Neuroscience of music">Neuroscience of music</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurophenomenology" title="Neurophenomenology">Neurophenomenology</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurophilosophy" title="Neurophilosophy">Neurophilosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuropolitics" title="Neuropolitics">Neuropolitics</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurorobotics" title="Neurorobotics">Neurorobotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li>

<li><a href="Paleoneurobiology" title="Paleoneurobiology">Paleoneurobiology</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_neuroscience" title="Social neuroscience">Social neuroscience</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Development_of_the_nervous_system" title="Development of the nervous system">Development of the nervous system</a></li>

<li><a href="Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">Neural network (artificial)</a></li>

<li><a href="Neural_circuit" title="Neural circuit">Neural network (biological)</a></li>

<li><a href="Detection_theory" title="Detection theory">Detection theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Intraoperative_neurophysiological_monitoring" title="Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring">Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurochip" title="Neurochip">Neurochip</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurodegenerative_disease" title="Neurodegenerative disease">Neurodegenerative disease</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurodevelopmental_disorder" title="Neurodevelopmental disorder">Neurodevelopmental disorder</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurogenesis" title="Neurogenesis">Neurogenesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuroimmune_system" title="Neuroimmune system">Neuroimmune system</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuromanagement" title="Neuromanagement">Neuromanagement</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuromodulation" title="Neuromodulation">Neuromodulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuroplasticity" title="Neuroplasticity">Neuroplasticity</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurotechnology" title="Neurotechnology">Neurotechnology</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">Neurotoxin</a></li>

<li><a href="Neural_basis_of_self" title="Neural basis of self">Self-awareness</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li>

<li> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Neuroscience" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Neuroscience">Commons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neuropsychology687" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Neuropsychology687" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="List_of_regions_in_the_human_brain" title="List of regions in the human brain">Brain regions</a></li>

<li><a href="Clinical_neuropsychology" title="Clinical neuropsychology">Clinical neuropsychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">Cognitive neuroscience</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_brain" title="Human brain">Human brain</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_misconceptions_about_the_brain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of misconceptions about the brain">Misconceptions</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuroanatomy" title="Neuroanatomy">Neuroanatomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurophysiology" title="Neurophysiology">Neurophysiology</a></li>

<li><a href="Phrenology" title="Phrenology">Phrenology</a></li>

<li><a href="Traumatic_brain_injury" title="Traumatic brain injury">Traumatic brain injury</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Brain_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain function">Brain functions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arousal" title="Arousal">Arousal</a></li>

<li><a href="Attention" title="Attention">Attention</a></li>

<li><a href="Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Decision_making" class="mw-redirect" title="Decision making">Decision making</a></li>

<li><a href="Executive_functions" title="Executive functions">Executive functions</a></li>

<li><a href="Learning" title="Learning">Learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory" title="Memory">Memory</a></li>

<li><a href="Motor_coordination" title="Motor coordination">Motor coordination</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_language" title="Natural language">Natural language</a></li>

<li><a href="Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li>

<li><a href="Planning" title="Planning">Planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Problem_solving" title="Problem solving">Problem solving</a></li>

<li><a href="Thought" title="Thought">Thought</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arthur_Lester_Benton" title="Arthur Lester Benton">Arthur Lester Benton</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Bohm" title="David Bohm">David Bohm</a></li>

<li><a href="Ant%C3%B3nio_Dam%C3%A1sio" class="mw-redirect" title="António Damásio">António Damásio</a></li>

<li><a href="Phineas_Gage" title="Phineas Gage">Phineas Gage</a></li>

<li><a href="Norman_Geschwind" title="Norman Geschwind">Norman Geschwind</a></li>

<li><a href="Elkhonon_Goldberg" title="Elkhonon Goldberg">Elkhonon Goldberg</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurt_Goldstein" title="Kurt Goldstein">Kurt Goldstein</a></li>

<li><a href="Donald_O._Hebb" title="Donald O. Hebb">Donald O. Hebb</a></li>

<li><a href="Kenneth_Heilman" title="Kenneth Heilman">Kenneth Heilman</a></li>

<li><a href="Edith_Kaplan" title="Edith Kaplan">Edith Kaplan</a></li>

<li><a href="Muriel_Lezak" title="Muriel Lezak">Muriel Lezak</a></li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Libet" title="Benjamin Libet">Benjamin Libet</a></li>

<li><a href="Rodolfo_Llin%C3%A1s" title="Rodolfo Llinás">Rodolfo Llinás</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Luria" title="Alexander Luria">Alexander Luria</a></li>

<li><a href="Brenda_Milner" title="Brenda Milner">Brenda Milner</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_H._Pribram" title="Karl H. Pribram">Karl H. Pribram</a></li>

<li><a href="Oliver_Sacks" title="Oliver Sacks">Oliver Sacks</a></li>

<li><a href="Roger_Wolcott_Sperry" title="Roger Wolcott Sperry">Roger Wolcott Sperry</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Neuropsychological_test" title="Neuropsychological test">Tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bender-Gestalt_Test" title="Bender-Gestalt Test">Bender-Gestalt Test</a></li>

<li><a href="Benton_Visual_Retention_Test" title="Benton Visual Retention Test">Benton Visual Retention Test</a></li>

<li><a href="Clinical_Dementia_Rating" title="Clinical Dementia Rating">Clinical Dementia Rating</a></li>

<li><a href="Continuous_Performance_Task" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous Performance Task">Continuous Performance Task</a></li>

<li><a href="Glasgow_Coma_Scale" title="Glasgow Coma Scale">Glasgow Coma Scale</a></li>

<li><a href="Hayling_and_Brixton_tests" title="Hayling and Brixton tests">Hayling and Brixton tests</a></li>

<li><a href="Johari_window" title="Johari window">Johari window</a></li>

<li><a href="Lexical_decision_task" title="Lexical decision task">Lexical decision task</a></li>

<li><a href="Mini%E2%80%93mental_state_examination" title="Mini–mental state examination">Mini–mental state examination</a></li>

<li><a href="Stroop_effect" title="Stroop effect">Stroop effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Wechsler_Adult_Intelligence_Scale" title="Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale">Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale</a></li>

<li><a href="Wisconsin_card_sort" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisconsin card sort">Wisconsin card sorting</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li>

<li> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Neuropsychology" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Neuropsychology">Commons</a></li>

<li> <a href="Portal%3APhilosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li>

<li> <a href="Portal%3APsychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Emerging_technologies167" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Emerging_technologies167" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Emerging_technologies" title="Emerging technologies">Emerging technologies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">Information and communications</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">Internet of things</a></li>

<li><a href="Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a>

<ul><li><a href="Applications_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Applications of artificial intelligence">Applications of artificial intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">Machine translation</a></li>

<li><a href="Machine_vision" title="Machine vision">Machine vision</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_translation" title="Mobile translation">Mobile translation</a></li>

<li><a href="Progress_in_artificial_intelligence" title="Progress in artificial intelligence">Progress in artificial intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">Speech recognition</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Atomtronics" title="Atomtronics">Atomtronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Carbon_nanotube_field-effect_transistor" title="Carbon nanotube field-effect transistor">Carbon nanotube field-effect transistor</a></li>

<li><a href="Cybermethodology" title="Cybermethodology">Cybermethodology</a></li>

<li><a href="Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">Augmented reality</a></li>

<li><a href="Optical_disc#Fourth-generation" title="Optical disc">Fourth-generation optical discs</a>

<ul><li><a href="3D_optical_data_storage" title="3D optical data storage">3D optical data storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Holographic_data_storage" title="Holographic data storage">Holographic data storage</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="General-purpose_computing_on_graphics_processing_units" title="General-purpose computing on graphics processing units">GPGPU</a></li>

<li>Memory

<ul><li><a href="Programmable_metallization_cell" title="Programmable metallization cell">CBRAM</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrochemical_RAM" title="Electrochemical RAM">ECRAM</a></li>

<li><a href="Millipede_memory" title="Millipede memory">Millipede</a></li>

<li><a href="Racetrack_memory" title="Racetrack memory">Racetrack memory</a></li>

<li><a href="SONOS" title="SONOS">SONOS</a></li>

<li><a href="UltraRAM" title="UltraRAM">UltraRAM</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Optical_computing" title="Optical computing">Optical computing</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Chipless_RFID" title="Chipless RFID">Chipless RFID</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Software-defined_radio" title="Software-defined radio">Software-defined radio</a></li>

<li><a href="Three-dimensional_integrated_circuit" title="Three-dimensional integrated circuit">Three-dimensional integrated circuit</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Artificial_brain" title="Artificial brain">Artificial brain</a></li>

<li><a href="Electroencephalography" title="Electroencephalography">Electroencephalography</a></li>

<li><a href="Mind_uploading" title="Mind uploading">Mind uploading</a>

<ul><li><a href="Brain-reading" title="Brain-reading">Brain-reading</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuroinformatics" title="Neuroinformatics">Neuroinformatics</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Neuroprosthetics" title="Neuroprosthetics">Neuroprosthetics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Brain_implant" title="Brain implant">Brain implant</a></li>

<li><a href="Retinal_implant" title="Retinal implant">Retinal implant</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_prosthesis" title="Visual prosthesis">Visual prosthesis</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Neurotechnology" title="Neurotechnology">Neurotechnology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Automation" title="Automation">Automation</a></li>

<li><a href="Collingridge_dilemma" title="Collingridge dilemma">Collingridge dilemma</a></li>

<li><a href="Differential_technological_development" title="Differential technological development">Differential technological development</a></li>

<li><a href="Disruptive_innovation" title="Disruptive innovation">Disruptive innovation</a></li>

<li><a href="Ephemeralization" title="Ephemeralization">Ephemeralization</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethics_of_technology" title="Ethics of technology">Ethics</a>

<li><a href="Bioethics" title="Bioethics">Bioethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyberethics" title="Cyberethics">Cyberethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuroethics" title="Neuroethics">Neuroethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Robot_ethics" title="Robot ethics">Robot ethics</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Exploratory_engineering" title="Exploratory engineering">Exploratory engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Proactionary_principle" title="Proactionary principle">Proactionary principle</a></li>

<li><a href="Technological_change" title="Technological change">Technological change</a>

<ul><li><a href="Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Technological_convergence" title="Technological convergence">Technological convergence</a></li>

<li><a href="Technological_evolution" title="Technological evolution">Technological evolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Technological_paradigm" title="Technological paradigm">Technological paradigm</a></li>

<li><a href="Technology_forecasting" title="Technology forecasting">Technology forecasting</a>

<ul><li><a href="Accelerating_change" title="Accelerating change">Accelerating change</a></li>

<li><a href="Future-oriented_technology_analysis" title="Future-oriented technology analysis">Future-oriented technology analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Horizon_scanning" title="Horizon scanning">Horizon scanning</a></li>

<li><a href="Moore's_law" title="Moore's law">Moore's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a></li>

<li><a href="Technology_scouting" title="Technology scouting">Technology scouting</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Technology_in_science_fiction" title="Technology in science fiction">Technology in science fiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Technology_readiness_level" title="Technology readiness level">Technology readiness level</a></li>

<li><a href="Technology_roadmap" title="Technology roadmap">Technology roadmap</a></li>

<li><a href="Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1576" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1576" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4616897-7">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2007000197">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb170203022">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb170203022">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01210368">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007544880705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/d198ce99-485c-476c-85fa-aa8e24628608">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-20" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface&oldid=1301558667">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>